Categories
A Victory! COOL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Hard Nosed Folks Both Good & Bad I am so grateful!! If I was in Charge Interesting stuff Leadership of the highest kind Manly Stuff One Hell of a Good Fight Our Great Kids Paint me surprised by this Real men Soldiering Some Red Hot Gospel there! Stand & Deliver This great Nation & Its People War

Another, this man is one Hell of a stud!! William Frederick Harris

William Frederick Harris (March 6, 1918 – December 7, 1950) was a United States Marine Corps (USMC) lieutenant colonel during the Korean War. The son of USMC General Field Harris, he was a prisoner of war during World War II and a recipient of the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism during the breakout in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. He was last seen by American forces on December 7, 1950, was listed missing in action and is presumed to have been killed in action. Harris was featured in the book and film Unbroken.[1][2]

Biography

William Frederick Harris was born on March 6, 1918, at Good Samaritan Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky, to Field Harris (1895–1967) and Katherine Chinn-Harris (1899–1990).[1]

Harris graduated from the United States Naval AcademyAnnapolis, Maryland, in the class of 1939. He was in A Company, 1st Battalion, 4th Marines[3] and was captured by Japanese forces during the Battle of Corregidor in May 1942.

He escaped with Edgar Whitcomb, future governor of Indiana,[4] and on May 22, 1942, swam 8+12 hours across Manila Bay to Bataan, where he joined Filipino guerrillas fighting Japan just after the Battle of Bataan.[5] In the summer of 1942, Harris and two others left Whitcomb and attempted to sail to China in a motorboat, but the engine failed and the boat drifted for 29 days with little food or water. The monsoon blew them back to an island in the southern part of the Philippines where they split up and he joined another resistance group.[6] Harris headed towards Australia hoping to rejoin American forces he heard were fighting in Guadalcanal, but he was recaptured in June[7] or September 1943[8] by Japan on Morotai island, Indonesia, around 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from Bataan.[9][10]

Harris was taken to Ōfuna POW camp, arriving February 13, 1944[11] and became acquainted with Louis Zamperini. Harris experienced malnutrition and brutal treatment at the hands of his jailers, notably by Sueharu Kitamura (later convicted of war crimes). Due to malnutrition, by mid-1944 the over 6 feet (180 cm) tall Harris weighed only 120 pounds (54 kg) and had beriberi.[12] In September and November 1944, Harris was beaten severely, to the point of unconsciousness, by Kitamura.[13][14] According to fellow captive, Pappy Boyington, Harris was knocked down 20 times with a baseball bat for reading a newspaper stolen from the trash.[15] Harris was near death when he arrived at a POW camp near Ōmori in early 1945. Zamperini provided Harris with additional rations and he recovered.[16] William Harris was chosen to represent prisoners of war during the surrender of Japan, aboard USS Missouri on September 2, 1945.

After World War II, Harris remained in the Marines. He married Jeanne Lejeune Glennon in 1946 and had two daughters.[1]

He was recalled to active duty during the Korean War.[2] He was the commanding officer of Third Battalion, Seventh MarinesFirst Marine Division (Reinforced) in the Korean War. During the breakout in the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, his unit stayed behind as a rear guard to protect retreating forces. Despite heavy losses, Harris rallied his troops and personally went into harm’s way during the battle. Harris was last seen by American forces on December 7, 1950, walking and carrying two rifles on his shoulders. He was listed as missing in action, but after the war when former POWs had neither seen nor heard of him, Harris was declared to be dead. He was awarded the Navy Cross in 1951 for his actions at Chosin. Because of his penchant for escape and survival exhibited during World War II, his peers and family were reluctant to accept his death. A superior officer held on to his Navy Cross for a number of years, expecting to be able to give it to Harris personally.[17]

Remains thought to be his were eventually recovered. His family doubted the remains were his, and conclusive testing using DNA had not been attempted as of 2014.[1]

Awards

Navy Cross

For his leadership and heroism on December 7, 1950, Harris was awarded the Navy Cross.

The President of the United States of America takes pride in presenting the Navy Cross (Posthumously) to Lieutenant Colonel William Frederick Harris (MCSN: 0-5917), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as Commanding Officer of the Third Battalion, Seventh Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in the Republic of Korea the early morning of 7 December 1950. Directing his Battalion in affording flank protection for the regimental vehicle train and the first echelon of the division trains proceeding from Hagaru-ri to Koto-ri, Lieutenant Colonel Harris, despite numerous casualties suffered in the bitterly fought advance, promptly went into action when a vastly outnumbering, deeply entrenched hostile force suddenly attacked at point-blank range from commanding ground during the hours of darkness. With his column disposed on open, frozen terrain and in danger of being cut off from the convoy as the enemy laid down enfilade fire from a strong roadblock, he organized a group of men and personally led them in a bold attack to neutralize the position with heavy losses to the enemy, thereby enabling the convoy to move through the blockade. Consistently exposing himself to devastating hostile grenade, rifle and automatic weapons fire throughout repeated determined attempts by the enemy to break through, Lieutenant Colonel Harris fought gallantly with his men, offering words of encouragement and directing their heroic efforts in driving off the fanatic attackers. Stout-hearted and indomitable despite tremendous losses in dead and wounded, Lieutenant Colonel Harris, by his inspiring leadership, daring combat tactics and valiant devotion to duty, contributed to the successful accomplishment of a vital mission and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

— Board of Awards, Serial 1089, 17 October 1951[18]

Harris also received the Purple Heart, the Prisoner of War Medal, the Combat Action Ribbon, the Korean Service Medal, the United Nations Service Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, the Korean War Service Medal and the World War II Victory Medal.[19]

 
Bronze star

Bronze star

1st Row Navy Cross Purple Heart
2nd Row Combat Action Ribbon Prisoner of War Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal
3rd Row National Defense Service Medal Korean Service Medal Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation United Nations Korea Medal
Categories
All About Guns Allies This great Nation & Its People You have to be kidding, right!?!

Henry Ziegland The Unluckiest Guy in the World By Will Dabbs, MD

This is the only known surviving photograph of Henry Ziegland. He is standing on the right alongside his brother Jacob. Public domain.

Henry Ziegland was born in 1861 in Honey Grove, Texas. He came of age on the Ziegland family farm. Young Henry was a man of the earth. However, his formative years were chaotic.

Young Love

Henry inherited the family spread upon his parents’ deaths. In 1878, the young man began dating Miss Sharla Karis. Some historical accounts of this story refer to her as Maisie for some reason. The two young people were smitten.

In what was quite radical for the day, they shacked up together on Henry’s farm without the benefit of marriage. Three years later, they moved into Sharla’s old house, and Henry gifted the family land to his brother Jacob.

Five years after they met, Henry developed cold feet and walked out on Sharla. The poor girl was heartbroken. In a fit of depression, she took her own life. Sharla’s brother James was incensed by this.

His sister had been done wrong, and he was going to make things right. Arming himself, James tracked Henry down and found him tending his horses in the barn on his old family farm.

Prisons are not typically filled with psychopaths. They are populated by people who have poor impulse control. James Karis was not born a monster. He was simply angry. His judgment clouded by rage, James approached Henry and attempted to shoot him through the head.

For any normal person, taking a human life is an anxiety-producing event. James wobbled at the last minute, and his round simply grazed the cheek of his intended victim.

Henry realized what was happening and wisely feigned death. The errant bullet passed out of the barn and embedded itself in a nearby tree. James, believing his diabolical mission complete, then shot himself in the head and died. Henry regained his wits and went on to make a full recovery.

Wheelguns from the early 20th century were oftentimes not terribly powerful. However, they nonetheless yet remained quite dangerous.

What are the Odds?

Two decades later, Henry had moved on from the sordid events of that day in the barn. He still resided on the plot of family land that had figured so prominently in his courtship with poor Sharla Karis.

Eventually, however, the big tree outside the barn had outlived its usefulness. Henry enlisted the assistance of his brother Jacob to remove the offending broadleaf.

It was 1903, the same year the Wright brothers first took flight. It would be another 26 years before Andreas Stihl patented the first man-portable, gasoline-powered chainsaw.

Henry and Jacob chopped down the tree with an axe until they grew weary of it. That’s when the two boys decided to do the manly thing and seek out some dynamite.

Tools versus Toys

I mourn the passing of high explosives in respectable American society. There was a time not so long ago when you could buy explosives with little more than a driver’s license and an excuse.

Blowing stuff up is one of the few marketable skills I retain from the military. I once purchased a whole pile of Kinepak and det cord and used it to clear a dozen beaver dams off of my rural farm.

No kidding, pre-9/11, I bought the stuff out of the trunk of a man’s car in the parking lot of a rural church. Tragically, you can’t do that anymore. When folks complain about testosterone levels dropping precipitously among American males, that’s probably why.

Back in 1903, nobody thought anything about being able to walk out of the local hardware store with a crate of dynamite — cash and carry. You didn’t have to show a driver’s license because, back then, driver’s licenses weren’t a thing.

Nowadays, you have to show ID to buy duct tape at Wal-Mart (no kidding, the chronically exhausted clerk explained that some idiots were taking duct tape, rolling it into little cylinders and smoking it to get high. Holy snap …)

Technical Details

The effectiveness of an explosive is determined by how quickly it burns. Propellants like black powder have a combustion velocity of around 2,000 feet per second. By contrast, C4 high explosive conflagrates at 26,550 fps.

Traditional dynamite of the sort that Henry Ziegland might have used burns closer to 24,000 fps. This characteristic is called brisance. An explosive’s brisance reflects its capacity to shatter stuff.

Henry and Jacob packed the base of the tree with dynamite, primed everything, and lit the fuse. They then stepped back to admire their handiwork.

As anyone who has ever watched those horrifying Tannerite mishap videos on YouTube will attest, it is actually the stepping back a safe distance bit that is the most critical part of the enterprise.

Things Go All Pear-Shaped…

When the explosive charge went off, it duly shattered the thick tree trunk. Incredibly, James Karis’s old bullet, nestled inert within the tree for more than two decades, was energized a second time. The errant projectile flew through the air, struck Henry Ziegland in the left temple, and killed him on the spot.

It seemed that, 20 years after his murderous attack, Sharla’s brother James did indeed complete his mission. He ultimately killed Henry Ziegland, the world’s unluckiest man, from beyond the grave.

Categories
This great Nation & Its People War

300 Combat Patrols on Vietnam’s Deadly Rivers | Veteran Interview

Categories
The Green Machine This great Nation & Its People War

The Ancestry of America’s Greatest Generals

I was amazed to find that “Stonewall” Jackson was only 39 years old when he died from his wounds!! Grumpy

Categories
This great Nation & Its People War

“Vietnam: Coming and Going” | 60 Minutes Archive

Categories
All About Guns This great Nation & Its People War

Civil War Sniper

Categories
Art The Green Machine This great Nation & Its People War

The Battle of Caloocan


The Battle of Caloocan was one of the opening engagements of the Philippine–American War, and was fought between an American force under the command of Arthur MacArthur Jr. and Filipino defenders led by Antonio Luna in February 1899.

American troops launched a successful attack on the Filipino-held settlement of Caloocan on February 10, which was part of an offensive planned by MacArthur Jr. Occurring a few days after an American victory near Manila on February 4–5, the engagement once again demonstrated the military superiority that American forces held over the Philippine Revolutionary Army.

However, it was not the decisive strike that MacArthur had hoped for, and the war continued for another three years.

Categories
that’s too bad” This great Nation & Its People

Well I was impressed by him!

Categories
The Green Machine This great Nation & Its People War

How a Wrecked Chinook Came Home from Hell by Will Dabbs

America burned through a quarter-billion dollars in airplanes to save one man. We also salvaged a shot-up Chinook off a murderous Afghan mountainside. If that sounds gloriously unhinged, that is because it absolutely was.

Lockheed Martin MC-130J Commando II refueling an MH-60 Black Hawk during special operations support
The Lockheed Martin MC-130J Commando II, shown here refueling an MH60 Blackhawk, is a versatile and effective special operations platform. Public domain.

The Brutal Math Behind a $254 Million Rescue

The Lockheed Martin MC-130J Commando II version of the venerable Hercules cargo plane costs about $114.2 million apiece. We burned two of them to cinders in Iran when we couldn’t get their landing gear unstuck after rescuing that downed F15 WSO (Weapon System Operator) on Easter morning of 2026. The details captivated the planet. Somebody will no doubt eventually make an awesome movie about it.

MH6 Little Bird helicopters cost between $2.5 and $7.5 million each, depending upon their combat loadout. These adorable little warplanes are inimitably nimble and versatile. We transported them into an improvised forward airfield inside the C130’s and then used them to effect the actual rescue. However, once the C-130’s were toast, the Little Birds lacked the legs to get back to friendly territory. When it became obvious that these machines were also doomed, the onsite commander opted to blow them in place as well.

A-10 Thunderbolt II Warthog attack aircraft in flight during training formation
The A10 Thunderbolt II is one bug-ugly airplane. However, it is just too awesome to quit. Public domain.

In addition to these four perfectly serviceable combat aircraft, we also lost an A10 Warthog to ground fire. Nobody has any idea what a Warthog costs. Their production run wrapped up in 1984. Current estimates are that this gloriously unattractive ground attack plane is worth about $20 million. Additionally, a pair of USAF HH-60W Jolly Green II rescue helicopters got liberally ventilated. They cost $40 million each. However, let’s assume that these two aircraft were repairable.

If my math is correct, we spent some $254 million in airplanes to rescue that one Air Force Colonel. Many of our detractors, particularly in Europe, sneered at us for engaging in such lopsided military economics.

It was clearly ludicrous to spend such an astronomical sum just to save one guy. Speaking solely for myself, screw every last one of them. That operation was worth every penny.

American industry is likely busy building us replacement airframes as I type these very words. I hope those defense executives get to buy themselves lovely new boats. That Air Force Colonel will get to spend the Fourth of July with his family rather than being burned alive in a cage somewhere or paraded around in front of Iranian cameras. A quarter of a billion dollars was a freaking bargain.

Aircraft Losses and Rescue Cost Breakdown

Aircraft Cost Article Context
MC-130J Commando II $114.2 million apiece Two burned after the rescue in Iran
MH6 Little Bird Between $2.5 and $7.5 million each Used in the rescue, then destroyed in place
A10 Thunderbolt II About $20 million Lost to ground fire
HH-60W Jolly Green II $40 million each Two were hit, assumed repairable
Total Spent $254 million To rescue one Air Force Colonel

DART Math: Why Recovering Wrecked Aircraft Still Makes Sense

Recovered battle-damaged military aircraft demonstrating the value of DART operations
Recovering battle-damaged combat aircraft is a cost-effective undertaking. Public domain.

The military term is DART. That stands for Downed Aircraft Recovery Team. These machines are indeed lyrically expensive. It is almost always a good idea to get them back once they are damaged in combat so they can be repaired. However, that is easy to say and often very difficult to do.

During my time in Army Aviation, I took part in three of these operations. In the case of a USAF F15C and a British SEPECAT Jaguar, these two fighter planes were veritably pulverized. We just flew the guys and gear out to tidy up the mess and placate the EPA. However, at one point, one of our CH47D helicopters clipped a tree and shredded a couple of rotor blades deep in the boonies.

Swapping those puppies out in the middle of no place was tough, and we didn’t have anybody shooting at us. Starting on 4 March 2002, the young studs of the Army’s Task Force 160 SOAR (Special Operations Aviation Regiment) had to do something similar under hugely more difficult circumstances.

Takur Gar: Where the CH-47 Chinook Recovery Story Really Begins

Airstrike in Tora Bora in 2002 during the early Global War on Terror
This is a picture of an airstrike in Tora Bora back in 2002. Such chaos as this displaced al Qaeda terrorists across the countryside. Public domain.

The Global War on Terror was only six months old, and the world was trying to find its new level. In Afghanistan, that meant that US Special Operations forces were keeping busy killing absolutely everybody who had anything to do with al Qaeda and their ilk. As SOCOM chased down the squirters from the Battle of Tora Bora, things came to a head on a forlorn mountaintop called Takur Gar.

Takur Gar is a 10,000-foot mountain peak in the Arma Mountains of southwest Afghanistan. If misery was a mineral you mined out of the ground, this is where you would go to find it. The mission was to drive al Qaeda and Taliban fighters into blocking positions manned by elements of the 101st Airborne and 10th Mountain divisions.

Why the CH-47 Chinook Was the Only Beast for the Job

CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopter in Army service showing the platform used in Afghanistan
I got to fly most of the Army’s rotary-wing combat aircraft back in the day. Surprisingly, the Chinook was the coolest of the lot. Public domain.

I’m biased, because I flew these things. However, I flew guns, scouts, and lift aircraft as well. The CH47 is hands-down the baddest helicopter in the Army’s inventory. Faster than any other Army rotorcraft, the Chinook is just insanely powerful.

That gives it better high altitude performance than lesser machines. I have actually taken stripped-down Chinooks to around 22,000 feet to fly over the top of Mount McKinley in Alaska. It is an amazing airplane. That made it the go-to aircraft for operations in the rarefied mountains of Afghanistan.

Early in the morning on 4 MAR 2002, MH47E tail number 476 of the TF 160 Night Stalkers was inserting troops onto Takur Gar when it came under intense fire. The aircraft was raked with enemy automatic weapons and actually took more than one RPG round.

Staggering under the onslaught, the big Chinook shuddered, and Petty Officer Neil Roberts, a Navy SEAL, was thrown out of the back. Roberts survived the fall only to be killed later. An attempted recovery resulted in the destruction of another MH47, tail number 475.

Battle-damaged MH-47E tail number 476 after emergency landing below Takur Gar
MH47E tail number 476 was more or less intact, but it was no longer airworthy. Recovering that massive machine from the side of a 10,000-foot mountain was a herculean task.

475 was disabled at the top of the mountain. There resulted a pitched battle that was explored in the book Not a Good Day to Die, which is a great read. It is available on Amazon. 476, however, limped off to an emergency landing some six clicks away and 2,000 feet below the summit. While a bit removed from the chaos, 476 was nonetheless still deep in the suck.

475 was toast. An American fighter-bomber blew it to smithereens. However, 476 still had potential. It might yet be saved.

How Do You Recover a Shot-Up 54,000-Pound Helicopter?

Damaged MH-47E Chinook 476 showing heavy combat damage from automatic weapons and RPG fire
476 had seen better days. A combination of enemy automatic weapons fire and RPG’s had taken a heavy toll. Among other things, the avionics were shot.

A fully-loaded MH47E tops out at 54,000 pounds. This example was disabled high up on the side of a desolate mountain surrounded by psychopathic nutjob lunatics. Getting that bird back home promised to be a Gordian challenge.

TF160 maintenance crews and pilots flew to the site and swarmed over the disabled machine, taking off everything they could to cut down on weight. They considered another Chinook as well as a Marine CH53E Sea Stallion to do the heavy lifting, but neither aircraft had the horsepower to lift what remained of the machine. Then somebody tracked down a Soviet-era Mi26 with a Russian civilian crew. That would be expensive, but it could do the job.

They had to leave the aircraft unguarded for a time during this process. To ensure that terrorists had not boobytrapped the machine, the SEALs planted desirable swag like food, water, and warm clothes in the cabin.

They knew that, if someone had been mucking around with the disabled helicopter, they would have kept the food and comfort items. When they found this stuff unmolested, they knew they were good to proceed.

Task Force 160 maintenance crew cutting MH-47E rotor blades off with a saw during field recovery
TF160 maintenance guys had to cut the rotor blades off with a saw.

Getting stuff off the aircraft at these high altitudes was not easy. Using a Gator ATV, they eventually recovered one of the Chinook’s two engines. The other was too heavy, and the guys were too smoked to manage. That power plant had to be abandoned. They had to cut the rotor blades off with a rescue saw.

The Wild Recovery: Rangers, Night Stalkers, and a Russian Mi-26

Recovery crew using severed CH-47 rotor blades as ramps to salvage one engine from the wreck
These resourceful young studs used the severed blades as ramps to salvage one of the big Chinook’s two engines.

The recovery team emptied the fuel tanks onto the ground. OSHA and the EPA have limited jurisdiction in the desolate mountains of Afghanistan. As US troops came and went from the site, they would be regularly fired upon. After removing both engines, the rotor blades, the refuel probe, the gun mounts, sundry avionics, and as much ancillary gear as possible, they were ready to try it.

The recovery team consisted of four flyable MH47E’s, an F18 Super Hornet, several AH64 Apaches, an orbiting UAV, and a buttload of Rangers for security. Once they had the hulk rigged for slingload, they called in the Mi26.

Soviet-era Mi-26 heavy-lift helicopter carrying the ruined Chinook out of the Afghan mountains
The only machine with sufficient horsepower to slingload a Chinook carcass off the side of a mountain in Afghanistan was an ex-Soviet Mi26. That’s a big honking helicopter.

That was easier said than done. However, one of the 160th troops was a former Russian linguist who could interpret for the Mi26 crew. With the Mi26 stripped down to just fuel, they hooked up to 476 and pulled pitch.

The massive Mi26 made it look easy. The big Russian helicopter lifted the Chinook to Gardez and topped off with gas. From there, they moved to Kabul International Airport and then on to Bagram.

When the maintenance crews finally tore through the airframe, they recovered multiple spent enemy rounds that they distributed to the original crew members. The Hulk was eventually recovered to the US and completely rebuilt. 476 subsequently flew in combat again. Chances are, it is still flying today. That thing seems to be unkillable.

Why Chinook 476 Still Matters

Recovered Chinook 476 after salvage operation that returned the aircraft to combat service
It was a modern-day miracle that TF160 maintenance personnel were able to salvage Chinook 476. However, they had the big machine back flying combat missions in short order.

Much was learned from the recovery of tail number 476 from the side of Takur Gar. Not least among these was the development of a lightweight spider crane that could be air deployable and facilitate the removal of heavy stuff like engines and rotor blades. The combat recovery of 476 represented the first successful battlefield salvage of a battle-damaged US Army helicopter since the Vietnam War.

Machines as complicated as the CH47 have their own personalities. Some of the rotor systems are tracked out to run smoothest at high speeds. Others have a sweet spot at slower velocities.

These aircraft not infrequently have electronic quirks that you come to recognize after a little stick time in them. In my day, certain aircraft were wired for a boom box so you could rock out while flying NOE (nap-of-the-earth), while others were not.

Army Chinook crew chiefs and flight engineers whose bond with the aircraft drove the recovery mission
Those crew dogs did so love their machines.

In the Army, the crew dogs own the airplanes. We pilots just borrowed them for a while. It was their names stenciled on the outside, not ours. As our flight engineers and crew chiefs flew with us and shouldered all the same risks and responsibilities, this created a fiercely powerful bond between these machines and the guys who kept them flying. In the combat recovery of tail number 476, we see this mystical connection on most glorious display.

Categories
All About Guns Soldiering This great Nation & Its People War

First M16 Rifles in the Vietnam War By Robert A. Sadowski

In the late 1950s, there were basically two camps in the U.S. military on what the next service rifle should be — those who thought a service rifle should be made of wood and blued steel and wanted a modified version of the M1 Garand, and those who thought the future of the modern service rifle was with forged aluminum and polymer furniture.

US Navy sailors armed with M16A1 in Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a pivotal time of change for the U.S. military’s primary rifle. The country moved from big, heavy rifles firing big, heavy bullets to easier-to-carry rifles firing light, fast rounds. Image: U.S. Navy

While the 5.56mm AR-15 today is so common and accepted that it’s viewed as the “standard” in self-loading rifle design, it is easy to forget how revolutionary it was in its day. In the 1950s (and before the AR-15 was introduced), there was the AR-10 battle rifle.

This radical approach to military rifle design used forged aluminum receivers — an upper and a lower — that were mated with a stock made of polymer — essentially plastic. The caliber was 7.62×51 mm NATO, the same as the M14, but it used a gas-operated, straight-line rotating-bolt system, which offered less recoil than the M14. In addition, it employed a direct gas-impingement system. While it might have come from the same era as the M14, it seemed like it was from a different planet in those days. [Read more about the M14 history.]

Pfc Michael Mendoza fires M16A1 in Vietnam War 1967
Pfc. Michael J. Mendoza uses his M16A1 rifle to recon by fire. Earlier, the company received sniper fire from a valley in the Quang Ngai Province, Republic of Vietnam. Image: NARA

The military bureaucracy was at a stalemate with its heels dug in. A lot was at stake, especially the lucrative government contract. Adding more drama to an already tense and passionate situation, the U.S. military saw the potential benefits of a high-velocity .22-caliber cartridge rather than the more ponderous — but capable — 7.62x51mm round.

To address this, the AR-10 was scaled down to the .223 cartridge and the AR-15 was born. However, the M14 community was still not budging. The M14 had the benefit of a proven design based on the Garand, as well as truly capable, if somewhat traditional, chambering. Despite the fact that the AR-15 and the 5.56×46 mm NATO cartridge had shown great promise in initial testing, the U.S. military’s choice of the M14 over the AR-10 (as well as the FAL) had solidified the wood and steel rifle in the role of primary service rifle for the United States military — for now.

US soldier armed with a M16A1 rifle and AN-PVS-2 starlight scope in 1972
A U.S. soldier armed with an M16A1 rifle in 1972. Mounted on the rifle is an AN/PVS-2 starlight scope. Image: NARA

However, the “aluminum and plastic” upstart would soon gain the upper hand. As is well known, the AR-15 platform eventually prevailed. So, let’s consider that journey.

In hindsight, it was easy to see that the AR-15 would ultimately prevail. Prior to the AR-15 becoming the M16, other factors shaped the evolution of our approach to warfare and the tools used to fight. Let’s take a 10,000-foot view of defense policy in the post-WWII era.

Cold War, Nuclear War, or Guerrilla Warfare?

After WWII and the first use of nuclear weapons, the role of the infantry soldier was thought to be played out in a nuclear battlefield. The nuclear arms race post-WWII had both sides rethinking what a post-nuclear war landscape would look like.

US Marine on patrol near Da Nang Vietnam carrying M16A1
Pfc. John R. Hofstrand, armed with an M16A1, follows a trail during a search and clear operation south of the Da Nang airfield. Image: U.S. Marine Corps

Thankfully, the Cold War-era struggle did not take the form of an atomic mushroom cloud. Counterinsurgency was the new strategy in the unique form of warfare that developed with two opponents armed to the teeth with nukes. Since direct combat was not feasible (as it would effectively end our civilizations), proxy warfare became the norm in hotspots worldwide.

America’s approach was to help these countries fight communism by arming, teaching, and supporting our allies in limited wars in their own nations. Hence, rather than atomic stockpiles of weapons, an old-fashioned arsenal of specialized small arms became the focus. Throw in a few advisors for training, and you have a recipe for the Vietnam War.

Project Agile Is Approved

While the Advanced Research Projects Agency (or “ARPA”), tucked under the broader Defense Department umbrella, was originally organized to research ballistic missiles, in 1961, the Kennedy administration — with an interest in supporting our foreign allies in limited wars to stop communist aggression — approved Project Agile.

Lance Cpl Clements rests with M16A1 after a patrol through flooded rice patties south of Da Nang USMC
Lance Cpl. C. Clements rests with his M16A1 after a patrol through flooded rice patties south of Da Nang during the Vietnam War. Image: U.S. Marine Corps

Project Agile was designed to help remote areas of the world with counterinsurgency action against communist insurgents. Two areas, both in Indochina, were identified as under threat to Communist aggression. One was in Bangkok, and the other was in Saigon.

The average height of a Vietnamese soldier was five feet, and he weighed about 90 pounds. The ARPA was convinced by the original manufacturer of the AR-15 that the gun had a great deal of potential as a rifle for Vietnamese fighters since it was lightweight, capable and soft recoiling.

US Marine checks an enemy bunker with his M16A1
A U.S. Marine cautiously checks an enemy bunker with his M16A1. The Marines encountered the bunker while on patrol south of Da Nang. Image: U.S. Marine Corps

ARPA requested AR-15s for this effort, only to be denied because there were plenty of M2 Carbines in storage that could be issued without spending budget on new guns.

The M2 Carbine was also lightweight and ideal for operators with small statures. The ARPA reintroduced its request and suggested that a limited number of AR-15s be used. They settled on asking for 1,000 rifles to only be used in Vietnam (and not Thailand), and the rifles would be tested against the M2 Carbine.

There were many other subprojects under Project Agile, such as ones that dealt with communications and logistics, as well as planning. However, the ARPA report for the AR-15 was titled “Task 13A” and compared the M2 Carbine to the AR-15 “to determine which is more suitable replacement for other shoulder weapons in selected units of the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF).”

The Result

I don’t need to tell you the outcome. You already know the AR-15 performed best with the “small stature of the Vietnamese soldier…”. We all know that the taller U.S. advisors liked how the new rifle performed, too. While the test helped ARPA in one of its many projects assist counterinsurgents by confirming the superiority of the AR-15 to the M2 Carbine, it also proved the readiness of the AR-15.

sailor loads M16 magazines on USS Harnett County on Vàm Cỏ Đông River Vietnam War
Sailor Lawrence W. Overton loads M16 magazines using stripper clips aboard the USS Harnett County (LST-821) on the Vàm Cỏ Đông in Vietnam. Image: U.S. Navy

Analysis of the AR-15 from both U.S. Advisors and Vietnamese commanders reported the AR-15 as “extremely favorable.” The lethality of the .223 round proved to be extraordinary. Users had a high respect for the AR-15 and preferred it to all other firearms available.

US Marine with M16A1 at Beirut airport Lebanon 1983
The M16A1 continued to serve the U.S. military for many years. One is shown here in the hands of a Marine at the Beirut International Airport in Lebanon during 1983. Image: NARA

The first AR-15s in country did not have a forward assist, which is how the Air Force (the first adopter of the design) wanted the gun. The Army, however, insisted on a forward assist and originally designated the rifle the XM16E1; after the details were worked out, it was designated the M16A1.

Conclusion

The testing under Project Agile was the first time the rifle was used in Vietnam. In 1964, America’s broader involvement in Vietnam was officially begun with Congress passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which authorized direct U.S. military involvement in the nation. The rest is history.