Category: All About Guns
In 1943 Fred Huntington, Jr. decided he’d rather make bullets than take over his father’s laundry in California. Just out of high school, he was swaging .22 lead cores in Vickery dies and jacketing them with spent rimfire cases. He peddled enough to cover expenses. But soon a more profitable idea came to mind: making dies.
Grosvenor Wotkyns, a shooter credited with designing the .22 Hornet, bought a set of Fred’s dies. “They need a name,” he said, and suggested “Rock Chuck Bullet Swage,” a nod to the West’s rock-slide-dwelling yellow-bellied marmot. That moniker was a mouthful, but condensed to RCBS, it suited Fred.
Soon the young man developed what he called the .243 Rockchucker wildcat on the .257 Roberts case, bumping shoulder angle from 21 to 32 degrees.
It must have seemed an odd change. Why .243? Bullets abounded for the Roberts, and the .250/3000 Charles Newton had developed for Savage in 1913. Still, in 1953, Field & Stream shooting editor and wildcatter Warren Page wrote R.T. Davis at MGS Bullets to say he liked the Rockchucker and wouldn’t be surprised if sometime there were a commercial cartridge using a .243 bullet.
Two years later, Remington announced its .244 — Fred’s Rockchucker with a gentler 26-degree shoulder. At the same time the Page Pooper, developed with help from Mike Walker on the .308 case, emerged as the prototype for the .243 Winchester, a ballistic twin also introduced in 1955.
Naturally, the .243’s 2.045-inch case fit short rifle actions for the up-and-coming .308. The .244’s case measured 2.233 inches — as did that of its .257 parent, sired by Paul Mauser’s 7×57 cartridge for his 1892 and ‘93 infantry rifles.
The .244 required that bullets be seated deep to fit short actions, negating some of that cartridge’s edge in powder capacity. Rumor also favored the .243. Was it loaded to 47,900 psi while the .244 ran the needle to 51,000?
Did the .243 get its speed from 22-inch barrels while the .244 had 26 inches of launch? I can’t say. The truth is, handloaded to 50,000 psi and fired from short rifle actions, both cartridges wring about 3,100 fps from 100-grain bullets.
Afield before its commercial unveiling in 1955, the .243 took 83 animals, mostly deer. Sixty fell to one shot; 13 died within 200 yards. It was a good start, given the limited bullet selection then, and the varying levels of marksmanship on the hunts.
Weighty Choices
Early factory loads affected sales of .243 and .244 rifles. Winchester’s 80- and 100-grain bullets suited the .243 to varmints (ground squirrels to coyotes) as well as deer-size game. Remington paired the .244 with 75- and 90-grain bullets.
Not much difference. But standard rifling twist for the .243 was 1:10, while .244 barrels were pitched 1:12. The .243 handled all bullet weights well.
Gun writers speculated the slower twist in .244 barrels wouldn’t stabilize the 100-grain bullets deer hunters favored. Perhaps that’s why long ago I quickly found an affordable 722 Remington in .244. It surprised me by nipping bottle-cap groups with 75- and 90-grain bullets. It downed a pronghorn buck at 400 yards.
But the market leaned to the .243. In 1963, Remington announced the “new” 6mm Remington cartridge, with 100-grain bullets in a case identical to the .244’s. Remington’s Model 700 6mm barrels were and are rifled 1:9. But the .243 had the stronger start. It has appeared in legions of bolt rifles, also in stout front-locking lever-actions, pumps and autoloaders.
The civil recoil of the .243 and the .244/6mm helps shooters fire without flinching. Especially on hunts, this is a more important variable than the intrinsic accuracy of rifle or load.
“It’s his first elk hunt.” He nodded at his son, a willowy lad of 14. “What do you suggest he carry, my .30-06 or his 6mm?” I appreciated the man’s deference. The boy’s slight build prompted my question:
“Which does he shoot best?”
“The 6mm. But he can handle the ought-six.”
I suggested the 6mm. With his 95-grain Nosler Partitions, it would kick half as hard as a .30-06 with 165-grain bullets.
On the opener the lad and I climbed into a clear, cold dawn. Presently I spotted a lone cow easing through a basin. We closed to within 70 yards. She was still quartering off when the kid steadied the 6mm prone. “Wait till she turns,” I whispered.
She kept angling off, adding yardage; then she turned — slightly, but enough.
“OK,” I cooed. “In line with the off-shoulder.”
Seconds later the rifle snapped. The elk jumped, then trotted off. Quickly the lad bolted in another cartridge. “Wait,” I said. She wobbled, stopped, fell and lay still. “In the heart,” I grinned. “Good shot!”
A well-placed little bullet is more effective than a fringe hit with a big one. The 6mms are easy to shoot accurately.
The Right Course?
Not all hunters share my view. Whitetail sage John Wooters (1928-2013) wrote: “Every whitetail I’ve socked with [a .243] has gone down at the shot as though someone had dropped a safe on his head, but [6mm cartridges] have cost me more long, tedious hours of trailing other people’s wounded deer than [have] all others….” To be fair, he didn’t blame bullet diameter or loads, but hurried shooting, poor shot selection and miserable marksmanship.
To Wooters’ point, a 6mm bullet, quickly lethal-laced through front ribs, has little extra oomph to salvage hits to the paunch or thick muscle.
With exceptions, it lacks the heft to break big bone. One day my pal spied a whitetail buck staring at us from 100 yards. I eased to earth; the shot was his. But seconds later he hadn’t fired. The deer tensed, to run. Catching aim, I pressed the trigger just as it spun. The strike was audibly too far back. Melting frost swallowed the few specks of blood on prairie that seemed to grow bigger and emptier.
Many hours later, by great good luck, I spied the deer again, fell prone instantly and fired as again it quartered off. Furrowed grass and hoof-prints soon ended. Walking in expanding circles, I all but tripped over the carcass.
U.S. ammo companies offer more than 40 .243 loads. Those with frangible 55- to 80-grain bullets are for small creatures. But most bullets of 85 to 100 grains handily take deer. While ordinary softpoints have worked well for me, the list of 6mm “controlled expansion” bullets now includes the Barnes TSX, Federal Trophy Copper, Hornady ELD-X and InterLock, Norma Oryx, Nosler Partition and AccuBond, Swift A-Frame and Scirocco and Winchester Copper Impact and Power Max Bonded.
In 1948, Roy Weatherby declared “there is no substitute for velocity.” On that premise he built his famous line of magnum cartridges.
One of the most endearing to me is the .240 Magnum, announced in 1968. It is smaller and less violent than earlier Weatherbys on re-configured .300 H&H brass. The .240’s belted 2.50-inch case was designed from scratch, with the .30-06’s .473 rim.
In fact, the cartridge brings to mind a 6mm/06. Norma loads Weatherby-branded .240 ammunition with a 100-grain Nosler Partition at 3,395 fps. It sends 1,550 ft-lbs past 300 yards, matching the punch of 165-grain spitzers from a .30-06!
Broader Bark
Belted magnums in the 1950s and ‘60s drew hunters away from civil sixes to noisier cartridges. Rimless short magnums were followed by short-coupled cartridges to send long bullets great distances.
A throng of 6mms for Bench Rest and bullseye competition followed the post-WWII arrival of the 6mm/.250, or 6mm International. In 1965 the .223 was necked to yield the 6×45.
A decade later the 6×47 on .222 Magnum brass arrived; it excels as the 6×47 Swiss Match (2001) at 300 meters. During the 1970s, Bench Rest shooters Ferris Pindell and Lou Palmisano re-shaped the 7.62×39 to make the 6mm PPC. In 1978, nine years before PPCs went commercial, Mike Walker produced Remington’s 6mm BR, with a small primer. Texas marksman David Tubb would tweak it to make the 6XC.
Meanwhile, hunters and casual shooters buoyed sales of rifles in .243 Win. and 6mm Rem. They ignored the stubby .243 Winchester Super Short Magnum of 2005.
Faster than it looked, it cycled like a biscuit tin and offered no practical advantage over its forebears. In 2009, Hornady came up with the 6.5 Creedmoor (CM) on the 1.92-inch .30 T/C case. An instant hit, it took all the oxygen from the market for short, long-range deer cartridges.
But then in 2017, Hornady delivered what may be the best all-around 6mm to date by necking down the 6.5 CM. The shoulders of both the 6.5 and 6mm CM are set well back so long, Pinocchio-nose bullets can be used in short actions without seating their ogives below case mouths. Long-range shooters warmed to the 6mm CM; it became a favorite among the 85 percent of PRC competitors favoring 6mms. Its match bullets, spun in 1:7.7 rifling, stay supersonic past 1,300 yards. Hornady makes excellent match and hunting loads.
I met the 6mm CM on an indoor range. The rifle had a carbon-fiber barrel and a fine trigger. After three shots, the first hole was barely egged. After five, it measured .2 inch.
An internet search turned up few rifles in 6mm CM. But not long thereafter, I found the cartridge offered in Springfield Armory’s Model 2020 Waypoint, a well-designed, beautifully built carbon fiber-barreled rifle that in 6.5 CM had impressed me with its smooth function and dime-size groups.
Ballistic Comparisons
.240 Weatherby Magnum, 100-grain Nosler Partition
| Muzzle | 100 yards | 200 yards | 300 yards | 400 yards | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Velocity (fps) | 3,406 | 3,136 | 2,882 | 2,642 | 2,415 |
| Energy (ft-lbs) | 2,516 | 2,183 | 1,844 | 1,550 | 1,294 |
| Arc (inches) | +1.5 | +1.0 | 0 | -5.2 | -15.4 |
6mm Creedmoor, 103-grain Hornady ELD-X
| Muzzle | 100 yards | 200 yards | 300 yards | 400 yards | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Velocity (fps) | 3,050 | 2,862 | 2,687 | 2,514 | 2,348 |
| Energy (ft-lbs) | 2,127 | 1,874 | 1,651 | 1,446 | 1,261 |
| Arc (inches) | +1.5 | +1.4 | 0 | -6.2 | -17.9 |
6mm ARC, 103-grain Hornady ELD-X
| Muzzle | 100 yards | 200 yards | 300 yards | 400 yards | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Velocity (fps) | 2,800 | 2,623 | 2,452 | 2,288 | 2,130 |
| Energy (ft-lbs) | 1,793 | 1,573 | 1,375 | 1,197 | 1,038 |
| Arc (inches) | +1.5 | +1.8 | 0 | -7.6 | -21.8 |
6.5 Creedmoor, 120-grain Hornady GMX Superformance
| Muzzle | 100 yards | 200 yards | 300 yards | 400 yards | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Velocity (fps) | 3,050 | 2,850 | 2,659 | 2,476 | 2,300 |
| Energy (ft-lbs) | 2,479 | 2,164 | 1,884 | 1,634 | 1,410 |
| Arc (inches) | +1.5 | +1.4 | 0 | -6.3 | -18.3 |
A New Home
The Waypoint’s Remington 700 footprint makes it a natural for swapping components, but I had no such plans for this 6mm CM.
The hand-laid AG Composites carbon fiber stock weighs less than two pounds and is pillar bedded. Fluted deep behind the vertical grip, with M-Lok slots up front and five QD swivel pockets, it’s comfy in any shooting position, with or without sling or bipod.
A fluted, twin-lug bolt with dual cocking cams glides in EDM-cut races. The stainless receiver and nitrided bolt are machined after heat-treating so finished dimensions match spec. The beefy 6mm-wide extractor is angled for easy push-feed lock-up. The TriggerTech trigger adjusts to 2½ pounds, and has a “free-floating roller” for slick release. Lock time is a blindingly quick 1.9-milliseconds.
Unlike the 700, the Waypoint’s recoil lug is integral with the receiver ring. Four 6-48 screws and two recoil pins secure a Picatinny rail with 20 m.o.a. of gain for long shooting. Receiver, bottom metal, barrel shank and muzzle brake are Cerakoted. A detachable AICS-pattern, single-stack magazine feeds to centerline. Choose a button-rifled BSF carbon fiber barrel or a fluted stainless. Twist rate: 1:7.5. A brake is included with either barrel, on 5/8-24 threads.
Springfield’s .75 m.o.a. accuracy guarantee showed up as I shot “around the square” at 100 yards to check dials on the Blackhound 2-12×44 scope. After 96 clicks in all directions, my last bullets punched a knot half an inch off the initial group. Berger, Federal and Hornady loads, with bullets of 95, 103, 105 and 109 grains held to Springfield’s standard.
Now fitted with a 2.5-10×45 Leupold, this 6mm CM weighs 8 pounds. The rifle is proportioned for long-range prone shooting, but light enough for a “walking day” afield. Feeding is slick and faultless. Ditto the 3¼-pound trigger pull. Extraction and ejection are snappy.
The 6mm CM matches the .243 Win. and 6mm Rem. as a hunting cartridge, while its shape better accommodates bullets for long-range shooting. Ballistically, it outpaces the new 6mm ARC (Advanced Rifle Cartridge), introduced by Hornady for AR-15s. Ringing steel plates out yonder or filling deer tags, the 6mm CM has no liabilities. In a rifle like Springfield’s Model 2020 Waypoint, it’s getting long looks from brethren who might once have thought 6mms yesterday’s news.
While the 6mm’s were big news 70 years ago, they gave way to bigger, faster, needlessly violent rounds. It looks like it’s time for a re-think.
I’m a big fan of U.S. Rep. Ilhan Omar, the Somali congresswoman who always speaks her mind. Of course, I’m not a fan because I like her politics. But I do like the fact that nearly every time she speaks out in public, it serves as a warning for freedom-loving Americans that a true threat exists within our own federal lawmaking body.
Such was the case recently when Rep. Omar was caught on camera weighing in on a critical issue that many of us haven’t thought about for a while. In a video reposted on the Texas Gun Rights X page, Rep. Omar enthusiastically shared her views on registration and what always follows registration—confiscation.
“We have more guns in this country than we have humans,” she said in the video. “So, one of the things that is going to be important is to create a registry so we know where the guns are. We know when they go into the wrong hands when they’re stolen. And we can actually start a buyback program. I know that some of the Minnesota legislators have had that legislation, and that’s something that we should be thinking about on a federal level.”
It’s interesting that Rep. Omar would mention a “gun buyback” in the same breath as gun registration. Pro-gun advocates have warned for years that registration always leads to confiscation wherever it has been tried. Thus, anti-gun Democrats have avoided lumping the topics together.
As we’ve chronicled a number of times on TTAG, there are numerous other problems with gun “buybacks” besides the elephant in the room—eventual confiscation. First, they can’t be “buybacks” because the government never owned the firearms they are confiscating through compensation.
The Winchester Model 1907 firmly established the company as an innovator in semi-automatics shortly after it parted ways with John Browning.
In 1903, the Winchester Repeating Arms Company was trying to reinvent itself. The company that made a fortune, created a legend and helped shape our country’s history with its lever-action rifles designed by John Moses Browning now wanted people to think of it instead as a pioneer in the newest type of firearm: the semi-automatic rifle.
The reason behind this change of direction was the sudden severing of relationships between Browning and the New Haven company he helped make famous.
It all began around 1901, when Browning first showed T.G. Bennet, Winchester’s president, two prototypes for a unique new shotgun—a semi-auto, blowback-operated longarm.
Two years passed without word from Winchester, so Browning paid Bennett another visit and demanded an answer regarding his repeating shotgun.
Unfortunately, Bennett gave it a thumbs-down. In hindsight, this was probably not a smart thing to do to the inventor who gave Winchester the 1885 High Wall, plus the Models 1886, 1892, 1894 and 1895 lever-actions as well as the Models 1887 and 1897 shotguns, among other things.
Infuriated, Browning stormed out of Bennett’s office, thus ending his 19-year association with the company. Browning then took his shotgun to Fabrique Nationale in Herstal, Belgium, where the gun became the Browning Auto-5.
In the meantime, Winchester was left without the prospect of any more Browning-designed guns, a bad bit of timing, because in an effort to embrace the new technology of the 20th century, there was a race among various manufacturers to see who could be first with a marketable semi-automatic rifle.
But, even though Winchester no longer had Browning, the company did have Thomas Crosley Johnson. He was a gifted designer-engineer who would subsequently be responsible for such classics as the Model 12 pump shotgun, the Model 21 side-by-side and the Model 54 bolt-action, which would eventually become the Model 70. But for now, Johnson was tasked with developing rifles that would get the shooting public to start thinking of Winchester as an innovator in semi-automatics.
His first entry into this untrampled field was the Winchester Model 1903 takedown, which not only became Winchester’s first semi-automatic rifle, but also the first truly successful semi-auto in America.
It chambered a unique variation of the popular .22 rimfire, a proprietary .22 Winchester Automatic cartridge. It was the only firearm ever chambered for this round, which was loaded via a magazine tube inserted through an opening in the right side of the stock.
Not as powerful as the .22 LR, this cartridge was also dimensionally different to prevent the use of blackpowder .22 rimfires—which were still quite common at the time—from being chambered in the Model 1903. Much later, the Model ’03 was redesigned as the Model 63, which could handle smokeless .22 LR rounds.
The Model 1903 was only a stopgap solution, however. What the sporting and law enforcement markets wanted was a centerfire version of Winchester’s new semi-auto.
To meet this demand, Johnson and his team came up with the Model 1905. While similar in appearance and concept to the 1903, it had the distinction of being Winchester’s first rifle with a detachable-box magazine. A five-round version was standard, while a less aesthetically pleasing (to some) 10-round magazine was available as an option.
Like its predecessor, this new rifle featured proprietary chamberings, with two options available: .32 Winchester Self Loading (WSL), which became the basis for the future M1 Carbine round, and the .35 WSL, which was comparable to today’s .357 Mag. Neither proved very popular.
A tube-shaped operating sleeve protruding from the Winchester Model 1907’s forearm was used to cock the rifle • To take down the rifle for maintenance, a screw located at the rear of the receiver was removed to separate the receiver from the stock and trigger group • The .351 WSL is ballistically similar to the .357 Mag.
Two years later, Johnson hit pay dirt with the Winchester Model 1907. Similar in appearance to the 1905, but with its own serial number range, this new version was chambered for the beefed-up and slightly elongated .351 WSL cartridge—for which this rifle was the only option—and fired a 180-grain bullet with a muzzle velocity of 1,850 fps.
While that hardly qualified it as a big-game cartridge, it proved remarkably effective on soft-skinned medium game such as mountain lions, bobcats and coyotes, where the Model 1907’s rapid-fire capabilities made up for its subpar accuracy.
With its handy 20-inch, round-profile barrel, the rifle also found its calling during World War I, where U.S. and Allied pilots often slipped a Model 1907 into the open cockpits of their biplanes for occasional, impromptu air-to-air firefights with the enemy.
Like its immediate predecessor, the Model 1907 came with a five-round detachable-box magazine that clicked in place and was flush with the trigger guard, making for a handsome, but very businesslike appearance. An optional 10-round magazine was also available.
A thick, semi-beavertail forearm was necessary in order to encase the breech bolt’s inertia-block extension that was carefully calibrated to equal the forward velocity of the cartridge in order for the semi-auto action of the Model ’07 to function. Thus, the forearm, in spite of its bulky appearance, was actually quite fragile, as it was hollow in order to contain the recoil mechanism.
Like the Model 1905, the 1907 featured a takedown lock and screw at the rear of the receiver and was cocked by pushing in on a polished tubular “operating sleeve” that protruded out from the fore-end underneath the barrel. Also, by pushing in and then twisting the operating sleeve either left or right, the bolt could be locked open.
The rifles came with fixed rear sights, but tangs were drilled and tapped, and later in production, tang sights could be substituted at no extra cost. Initially there were no sling swivels, but by serial number 23,171 they became standard. Weighing almost 8 pounds, it is hard to imagine anyone carrying the rifle without a sling.
An even weightier Model 1910 chambered in .401 WSL came later, but the Model 1907 proved to be the most popular and longest lasting of Winchester’s earliest semi-autos.
In fact, due to its almost-immediate adoption by law enforcement agencies, a special Police Rifle variation was offered in 1908. Starting around serial number 9,000, it featured a bayonet attachment, thicker stocks, checkered-steel buttplate (instead of the standard, hard-rubber shotgun buttplate) and weighed almost 11 pounds.
These Model 1907 Police Rifles proved to be of immense aid in combating crime during the “Roaring ’20s” and brought many a gangster to justice, including Bonnie and Clyde.
Finally, with more than 59,000 units produced, the Winchester Model 1907 was discontinued in 1957. This ended a half-century legacy of a novel semi-automatic rifle that might never have come into existence had Winchester decided to produce Browning’s semi-automatic shotgun.
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