.357 Magnum
.357 Magnum ammunition
Type	Handgun / Carbine
Place of origin	United States
Production history
Designer	Elmer Keith, Phillip B. Sharpe
Designed	1934 Introduced 1935
Specifications
Parent case	.38 Special
Case type	Rimmed (R), straight
Bullet diameter	.357 in (9.1 mm)
Neck diameter	.379 in (9.6 mm)
Base diameter	.379 in (9.6 mm)
Rim diameter	.440 in (11.2 mm)
Rim thickness	.060 in (1.5 mm)
Case length	1.29 in (33 mm)
Overall length	1.59 in (40 mm)
Case capacity	26.2 gr H2O (1.70 cm3)
Primer type	Revolvers
Maximum pressure	35,000 psi (241 MPa)[1][2]
Ballistic performance
Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy 125 gr (8 g) JHP Federal 1,450 ft/s (440 m/s) 583 ft·lbf (790 J) 125 gr (8 g) JHP Buffalo Bore Heavy 1,700 ft/s (520 m/s) 802 ft·lbf (1,087 J) 158 gr (10 g) JHP Federal 1,240 ft/s (380 m/s) 539 ft·lbf (731 J) 158 gr (10 g) JHP Buffalo Bore Heavy 1,475 ft/s (450 m/s) 763 ft·lbf (1,034 J) 180 gr (12 g) LFN Buffalo Bore Heavy 1,400 ft/s (430 m/s) 783 ft·lbf (1,062 J)
Test barrel length: 4 in (102 mm) (vented) Source(s): Federal,[3] DoubleTap Ammunition[4]

The .357 S&W Magnum (9×33mmR), or simply .357 Magnum, is a revolver cartridge with a .357-inch (9.07 mm) bullet diameter.
It was created by Elmer Keith, Phillip B. Sharpe,^[5] and D. B. Wesson^[5] of firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester.^[6][7]
It is based upon Smith & Wesson’s earlier .38 Special cartridge. The .357 Magnum cartridge was introduced in 1934, and its use has since become widespread. This cartridge started the “Magnum era” of handgun ammunition.^[8]
The .357 Magnum cartridge is notable for its highly effective terminal ballistics when used for hunting or defense.

Design

Marlin Model 1894C – a carbine in .357 Magnum that is a companion to revolvers.

 
The .357 Magnum was collaboratively developed over a period in the early to mid-1930s by a group of individuals in a direct response to Colt’s .38 Super Automatic.
At the time, the .38 Super was the only American pistol cartridge capable of defeating automobile cover and the early ballistic vests that were just beginning to emerge in the post-World War I“Gangster Era.”^{[6][citation needed]}
Tests at the time revealed that those vests defeated any handgun bullet traveling less than about 1,000 feet per second (300 m/s). Colt’s .38 Super Automatic just edged over that velocity and was able to penetrate car doors and vests that bootleggers and gangsters were employing as cover.^[9]
Though .38 and .357 would seem to be different diameter chamberings, they are in fact identical, as 0.357 inches (9.07 mm) is the true bullet diameter of the .38 Special cartridge.
The .38 Special nomenclature relates to the previous use of heeled bullets (such as the .38 Short Colt), which were the same diameter as the case. Thus, the only external difference in the two cartridges is a slight difference in length, solely for safety purposes.^{[citation needed]}
Much credit for the .357’s early development is given to hunter and experimenter Elmer Keith. Keith’s early work in loading the .38 Special to increasingly higher-pressure levels was made possible by the availability of heavy, target-shooting-oriented revolvers like the Smith & Wesson .38-44 “Heavy Duty” and “Outdoorsman”, .38-caliber revolvers built on .44-caliber frames.
The .38-44 HV load used the .38-Special cartridge loaded to a much higher velocity than standard .38-Special ammunition. The .38-44 revolvers were made by using a .44 Special size gun with the barrel bored to accept .357-caliber bullets (the true bullet diameter of the .38 Special) and the cylinder bored to accept .3801–.3809-inch-diameter (9.65–9.67 mm) cartridges (where the name “38 Special” originated).
Since the frame, cylinder, and barrel were much stronger than the standard .38 Special components, it was capable of withstanding much higher pressures. The .38-44 HV round, while no longer available, was in most cases the equal of the later .357 Magnum, which works at more than double the pressure of standard .38 Special.
The .357 Magnum addresses the safety issues which earlier cartridges had by lengthening the case by approximately ¹⁄₈ inch (3.2 mm), preventing the high-pressure .357 cartridge from chambering (fitting) in a firearm designed for the shorter, lower-pressure .38 Special.^[10]
Elmer Keith also contributed the Keith-style bullet, which increased the mass of bullet located outside the cartridge case, while leaving more room inside the case for powder.
The Keith bullet also employed a large, flat meplat, thus enabling rapid energy transfer for greater wounding properties.
At the same time, this bullet design does not deform like a hollow point, and as a result achieves greater penetration. These characteristics of the Keith bullet make it very suitable for hunting applications as well as for target shooting.

Two .357 Magnum cartridges showing bottom and side views.

 
In order to reassert itself as the leading law-enforcement armament provider, Smith & Wesson developed the .357 Magnum, with D. B. Wesson leading the effort within Smith & Wesson, along with considerable technical assistance from Phillip B. Sharpe, a member of the Technical Division staff of the National Rifle Association.
The new round was developed from Smith & Wesson’s existing .38 Special round. It used a different powder load, and ultimately the case was extended by ¹⁄₈ inch (3.2 mm). The case extension was more a matter of safety than of necessity.
Because the .38 Special and the early experimental .357 Magnum cartridges loaded by Keith were identical in physical attributes, it was possible to load an experimental .357 Magnum cartridge into a .38 Special revolver, with potentially disastrous results.
Smith & Wesson’s solution, of extending the case slightly, made it impossible to chamber the magnum-power round in a gun not designed for the additional pressure.^[6]
However, both .38 Special and .357 Magnum will chamber in Colt New Army revolvers in .38 Long Colt, due to the straight-walled chambers, but this should not be done under any circumstances, due to dangerous pressure levels, up to three times what the New Army is designed to withstand.
The choice of bullet for the .357 Magnum cartridge varied during its development. During the development at Smith & Wesson, the original Keith bullet was modified slightly, to the form of the Sharpe bullet, which itself was based upon the Keith bullet.
But which had 5/6 of the bearing surface of the Keith bullet, Keith bullets typically being made oversized and sized down. Winchester, however, upon experimenting further during the cartridge development, modified the Sharpe-bullet shape slightly, while keeping the Sharpe contour of the bullet.
The final choice of bullet was hence based upon the earlier Keith and Sharpe bullets, while additionally having slight differences from both.^[11]

Performance[edit]

The .357 IMI Desert Eagle, one of the few semi-automatic pistols that fire the .357 Magnum cartridge.

This cartridge is regarded by many as an excellent hunting, metallic silhouette and self-defense round.
With proper loadings it can also be effective against large or dangerous game, such as bear and ungulates, however many consider the larger magnum calibers to be more appropriate such as the .500 Smith & Wesson, .50 Action Express, .44 Magnum, .454 Casull, .41 Magnum as well as other larger magnum rounds.
Comparatively, the .357 Magnum has less energy than the larger magnum revolver loadings but is smaller in diameter with high velocity allowing for excellent penetration properties.
It is a fine small- and medium-game round and is sufficient to hunt deer at reasonable ranges if suitable loadings are used by a competent marksman.
For further comparison, the .357 Magnum has a higher velocity at 100 yards (91 m) than its parent .38 Special has at the muzzle.^[12]
The 357 Magnum’s effectiveness on game is similar to that of the .45 Colt, but with a much flatter trajectory due to its higher velocity. It is a very versatile cartridge, and can be used with success for self-defense, plinking, hunting, or target shooting.^[13]
Revolvers chambered in .357 Magnum have the significant advantage of also being able to chamber and fire the shorter and less-powerful .38 Special cartridge.
Compared to the .357 Magnum, .38 Special is also lower in cost, recoil, noise, and muzzle flash. The ability to also fire the .38 Special makes .357 revolvers ideal for novice shooters who are not yet used to firing full-strength .357 loads but do not want the expense of buying a second lower-powered gun to train with.
However, .38 Special ammunition should not generally be used with any .357 semi automatic handgun or rifle, since such firearms require the larger recoil produced by firing a .357 Magnum round to cycle properly.
It has also become popular as a “dual-use” cartridge in short, light rifles like the American Old West lever-actions. In a rifle, the bullet will exit the barrel at about 1,800 feet per second (550 m/s).
Making it far more versatile than the .30 Carbineor the .32-20 Winchester. In the 1930s, it was found to be very effective against steel car doors and ballistic vests, and metal-penetrating rounds were once popular in the United States among highway patrol and other police organizations.
The .357 revolver has been largely replaced by modern, high-capacity semi-automatic pistols for police use, but is still very popular for backup gun use, and among outdoorsmen, security guards, and civilians for hunting, metallic silhouette, target shooting and self-defense.
The 9mm Winchester Magnum. Which is also known as the 9×29mm, was developed to duplicate the performance of the .357 Magnum in a semi-automatic pistol, ^[15] as was the 357 SIG cartridge.
Some common performance parameters are shown in the table below for several .357 Magnum loads. Bullet weights ranging from 110 to 180 grains (7.1 to 11.7 g) are common. The 125 grains (8.1 g) jacketed hollow point loads are popular for self-defense, whereas the heavier loads are commonly used for hunting.^{[citation needed]}
Loads are available with energies from about 400-700 foot pounds of muzzle energy and can be selected for various applications based on desired use and risk assessments.

Key:
Expansion – expanded bullet diameter (ballistic gelatin).
Penetration – penetration depth (ballistic gelatin).
PC – permanent cavity volume (ballistic gelatin, FBI method).
TSC – temporary stretch cavity volume (ballistic gelatin).

Comparison

Colt Pythons in 8″ and 6″ barrels

1956 made Colt “357” Magnum

The .357 Magnum was a direct competitor with the .38 Super.
In terms of accuracy, the .357 Magnum has at least the same potential for precision shooting as the benchmark .38 Special wadcutter round—indeed. A good .357 Magnum revolver will shoot .38 Special wadcutter ammunition with good results.
It is this accuracy and power, and the versatility of also being capable of using less-expensive, milder .38 Special ammunition, that makes a .357 Magnum revolver an excellent gun for many different disciplines, from 20 yards’ (18 m) precision shooting to long-range falling-plate events.
It is an excellent round for those considering handloading ammunition, as it is economical and consistently performs well.
The .357 Magnum was developed from the earlier .38 Special. This was possible because the .38 Special was originally designed to use black powder, which requires two to five times as much powder, by weight, to produce the same velocity with the same bullet as does the much-more-efficient smokeless powder.
Thus the .38 Special has a relatively large bullet case. The 9×19mm Parabellumwas introduced the same year (1902) but was originally designed for smokeless powder, and for higher pressures (~39,200 psi (270 MPa)).^{[citation needed]}
It therefore produces considerably more energy than the .38, despite its case having less than half the powder capacity. Many 38 Special loads use the same powders, in similar charge weights.
But because the case is so much larger, light-target loads with fast-burning powders may only fill the case perhaps 1/8 full.
Filling the case with slower-burning powders produces much more power, but also much more pressure; far too much pressure for older, smaller-frame revolvers chambered in .38 Special.
It was to accommodate these high-pressure, high-power loads that the longer .357 Magnum, together with the stronger revolvers designed to handle it, were developed.
The .357 SIG that was developed in 1994 was named “357” to highlight its purpose: to duplicate the performance of 125-grain (8.1 g) .357 Magnum loads fired from 4-inch-barreled (100 mm) revolvers, in a cartridge designed to be used in a semi-automatic pistol.

Synonyms[edit]

• .357 Mag
• .357 S&W Magnum
• 9×33mmR (Europe)

See also[edit]

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Ithaca Model 37
Ithaca 37
Type	Shotgun
Place of origin	United States
Service history
Wars	World War II Korean War Vietnam War 1989 attack on La Tablada barracks
Production history
Designer	John Browning
Designed	1933
Manufacturer	Ithaca Gun Company Industrias Marcati
Produced	1937—present
Variants	Bataan Modelo 71
Specifications
Weight	Varies
Length	760mm-1006mm
Barrel length	13 inches (330 mm) to 30 inches (760 mm)
Cartridge	12, 16, 20, or 28 gauge
Barrels	plain ribbed rifled
Action	manually operated, pump-action
Feed system	4, 5, or 7-round tubular magazine(riot, standard, and extended tube versions)

The Ithaca 37 is a pump-action shotgun made in large numbers for the civilian, military, and police markets. It utilizes a novel combination ejection/loading port on the bottom of the gun which leaves the sides closed to the elements. Since shotshells load and eject from the bottom, operation of the gun is equally convenient for both right and left hand shooters. This makes the gun popular with left-handed shooters. The model 37 is considered one of the most durable and reliable shotguns ever produced.

History

The Ithaca 37 is based on a 1915 patent by the famous firearms designer John Browning, initially marketed as the Remington Model 17. The Model 17 was a 20-gauge of trim proportions, which Remington later redesigned and refined into the popular side-ejecting Remington Model 31. The Model 31 would eventually be replaced in production by the Remington 870 which was less expensive to manufacture.
Following the First World War, the Ithaca Gun Company was searching for a pump-action shotgun to produce, primarily to compete with the ubiquitous Winchester Model 1912. They settled on waiting for Remington Model 17 patents to expire. After gearing for production of the Ithaca Model 33, they discovered a Pedersen patent that would not expire until 1937; along with the introduction date, they changed the model designation from 33 to 37.
With the depression dragging on and war looming on the horizon, it was possibly the worst time to introduce a sporting arm. Many sporting arms ceased production entirely during the same period. While Ithaca did produce some shotguns for military use during the war, they also produced M1911 pistols and M3 Grease Guns.
After WW-II, Ithaca resumed production of the Model 37. Made in many different models, the Ithaca 37 has the longest production run for a pump-action shotgun in history, surpassing that of the Winchester Model 12 that had originally inspired Ithaca to produce pump-action shotguns. Ithaca has suffered many setbacks in its history, changing hands numerous times. At one time, the Ithaca 37 was renamed the Model 87, although it was soon changed back in one of many ownership changes. Production paused in 2005 when Ithaca once again changed hands. Production has resumed in Upper Sandusky, Ohio.

Users

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The model 37 was used by the United States armed forces in World War 2, the Korean War, and especially the Vietnam War, where it gained a great reputation for reliability in the jungles of Vietnam. The largest single users outside the US Military were the New York City Police Department in 2 versions- 13″ barrel with forend hand-strap for the Emergency Service Unit and 18″ barrel for the Highway Patrol and the Los Angeles Police Department. Along with the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department, numerous other users include military, police, security agencies, and prisons around the world. The Ithaca 37 remains a popular choice among civilians for both sport and personal protection. The model 37 featherlight was commonly seen in the hands of farmers and hunters in the Midwestern United States.

Operation

Loading the Ithaca 37 involves inserting shotshells of the proper gauge through the loading/ejection port in the bottom of the receiver and pushing them forward into the magazine until retained by the shell stop. The slide release is pressed and the slide retracted completely then pushed forward. Pulling the trigger fires the gun and releases the slide for reloading. On most models up to 1975, a second sear was installed that would drop the hammer as soon the gun went into battery if the trigger was in a depressed condition. Thus, holding the trigger down allowed the gun to fire the instant a new round is cycled into the chamber without requiring the trigger to be released; this feature was called “slam-fire”. Otherwise, the model 37 operates in much the same way as other pump-action shotguns.

Versions

There are versions too numerous to mention. Here are some popular models:

• S-prefix: were manufactured for a 1962 United States military contract. S-prefixed serial numbers ran from approximately 1,000 to 23,000 with “U.S.” on the receiver and “P” proof markings on the barrel and receiver. The guns have a Parkerized finish with a 20 inches (51 cm) barrel and plain stock with plastic butt plate and no sling swivels. A few later contracts produced smaller numbers of guns with sling swivels and serial numbers in the high 900,000 range. Some had “duckbill spreader” shot diverters for use by United States Navy SEALs. Others were fitted with a ventilated handguard and bayonet adopter. New bayonets were manufactured by General Cutlery, Inc. and Canada Arsenal, Ltd.^[1]
• Ultralite: an aluminum receiver variation.
• Deerslayer: a version with a shortened barrel and rifle-style sighting system.
• DSPS: for Deerslayer Police Special. A military and police version
• Stakeout: short version with a 13 inches (330 mm) barrel and pistol grip stock, which was notable for being the signature weapon for Ricardo Tubbs, Philip Michael Thomas‘ character on Miami Vice as well as being the secondary weapon of Corporal Hicks in Aliens (although it was technically a modified hunting variant) and Aliens: Colonial Marines, where it has the words “no fate” carved into the top, a reference to Michael Biehn‘s role in The Terminator.
• 28 Gauge: 28 gauge model built on traditional size 28 gauge receiver.^[2]
• Defense: an affordable 12 or 20 gauge model built for home defense purposes. 18.5″ barrel with 5-round capacity or 20″ barrel with 8-round capacity.

Argentine variants

The Argentine firm Industrias Marcati manufactured the Ithaca 37 under licence as the Bataan Modelo 71