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The Subway Vigilante Who Birthed the Modern Concealed Carry Movement by WILL DABBS

Sometimes small things have really big consequences.

A quick way to keep a couple of guys occupied is to pose this question, “Batman versus the Terminator—Go.” The typical American male can entertain himself for hours with such banal stuff as this. I know I can.

Batman looks cool, to be sure. However, at his heart the Caped Crusader is just a working stiff like the rest of us.

Unlike Superman, Captain America, or the Flash, Batman is just a dude. Sure, he has ninja training and more cool-guy gadgets than Delta Force, but at his heart, he’s really no different from the rest of us. What always befuddled me, however, is how anybody could philosophically oppose his violent nocturnal forays into the Gotham underworld.

Batman and I both think it is stupid not to actively resist in the face of violence.

Batman is a vigilante, a private citizen who fights crime on his own nickel. This is illegal almost everyplace. However, kind of like removing mattress tags or driving 57 in a 55, this always struck me as the kind of rule that should remain a bit pliable. However, there yet remains a surprisingly large percentage of folks who really do think that in the face of violent crime one should just embrace the victim role and wait for the cops to sort it out. I struggle with that myself.

This geeky-looking guy was stone cold when it came time to throw down.

Certain events are watershed moments in cultural history. Compelling optics or a moving narrative can drive sweeping policy changes. One such episode was the sordid tale of Bernhard Goetz.

Bernie Goetz’ upbringing was fairly chaotic. However, the young man was smart, hard-working, and resilient.

Bernie Goetz was born November 7, 1947, in Queens, New York, to Bernhard William Goetz and his wife Gertrude. The senior Goetz was a German immigrant who owned a large dairy farm in upstate New York as well as a bookbinding concern. When young Bernie was 12 his dad got into some trouble. The details don’t much matter, but Bernie was subsequently sent to boarding school in Switzerland.

New York City in the 1980s was fairly horrible before Rudy Giuliani cleaned things up. What the heck is that guy anyway, Disco Sasquatch?

Bernie returned to the US to attend New York University where he studied electrical and nuclear engineering. At the time of his infamous subway attack, he owned a small business that calibrated precision electronic equipment. In January of 1981, Goetz was traveling on the New York subway with a parcel of expensive electronic gear when he was attacked by three teenagers.

It took longer to lodge a formal complaint with police than it did to book and release the miscreant who attacked Bernie Goetz.

The teens threw him into a glass door, injuring his knee and tearing his jacket. A nearby off-duty NYPD officer arrested one, but the other two escaped. The apprehended teen spent less time in the police station than it took Goetz to complete his report.

Then as now, you could technically obtain a concealed carry permit in NYC but pretty much only if you knew somebody important. That’s just wrong on a dozen different levels.

The kid was charged with criminal mischief, an obviously benign offense. As he had to travel regularly with expensive electronic equipment Bernie Goetz applied for a concealed carry permit. The New York City bureaucracy denied his application citing insufficient need.

For decades the 5-shot J-frame .38-caliber Smith and Wesson revolver represented the industry standard for concealable defensive firepower in America.

On a subsequent trip to Florida, Goetz purchased a Smith and Wesson .38-caliber revolver. While I could not find any specifics concerning the type of pistol he carried, the gun did pack five rounds. That narrows the field considerably.

The Watershed Event

Before they reached the age of 20, all four of these guys had earned criminal convictions.

In the early afternoon of December 22, 1984, four Bronx teenagers climbed aboard a downtown 2 train. Troy Canty, James Ranseur, Barry Allen, and Darrell Cabey were all four already convicted criminals. They later admitted that they set out that day to rob a Manhattan video arcade.

NYC subways circa 1984 looked like something out of a Mad Max movie.

The R22 subway car number 7657 was the seventh of ten. When Bernie Goetz entered from the rear there were between fifteen and twenty other passengers onboard. Goetz took a seat opposite where Canty was stretched out on a long bench. The other three teens were arrayed nearby. Canty asked Goetz how he was doing. Bernie responded simply, “Fine” but otherwise kept to himself.

In addition to some mad electronic skills, Bernie Goetz turned out to be a bit of an amateur philosopher.

“You can’t let yourself be pushed around. You can’t live in fear. That’s no way to live your life.”

-Bernard Goetz

The four Bronx teenagers apparently moved like a criminal unit.

Goetz later claimed that the teens exchanged quiet signals and moved to surround him. Canty said, “Give me five dollars.” Bernie Goetz then produced his revolver and shot all four men in rapid succession.

When he felt threatened Bernie Goetz took care of business. The details of that frenetic exchange sparked a nationwide discussion on the subject of personal defense.

From the horse’s mouth, “I decided to shoot as many as I could as quickly as I could. I did a fast draw, and shot with one hand (my right), pulling the trigger prior to the gun being aligned on the targets. All actual shots plus my draw time occurred easily within 1.6 seconds or less. This is not as difficult to do as some might think…The first shot hit Canty in the center of the chest. After the first shot my vision changed and I lost my sense of hearing. The second shot hit lightning fast Barry Allen in the upper rear shoulder as he was ducking (later the bullet was removed from his arm). The third shot hit the subway wall just in front of Cabey; the fourth shot hit Cabey in the left. The fifth shot hit Ramseur’s arm on the way into his left side. I immediately looked at the first two to make sure they were “taken care of,” and then attempted to shoot Cabey again in the stomach, but the gun was empty…I had lost count of the shots…I didn’t even hear the shots or feel the kick of the gun. ‘You don’t look too bad, here’s another’, is a phrase I came up with later when trying to explain the shooting while I was under the impression that Cabey was shot twice…Shortly after the shooting my vision and hearing returned to normal.”

“…in a combat situation…you’re not thinking in a normal way. Your memory isn’t even working normally. You are so hyped up. Your vision actually changes. Your field of view changes. Your capabilities change. What you are capable of changes…you respond very quickly, and you think very quickly…You think, you analyze, and you act…you just have to think more quickly than your opposition…Speed is very important.”

After the shooting Bernie Goetz spent several days traveling New England in anonymity.

Goetz checked on a pair of women who had been knocked down in the chaos, spoke briefly with the train conductor, and jumped out of the car. He then went home, gathered some belongings, rented an automobile, and drove to Bennington, Vermont. There he burned his distinctive blue jacket and dismantled his pistol, discarding the components in the woods nearby. He spent the next several days in New England registering at various hotels under assumed names and paying cash.

The Gun

The S&W snub-nosed .38 was purpose-designed for concealed carry applications.

The snub-nosed .38 revolver was the most popular deep cover concealed carry weapon back in the early days. Colt made a similar pistol called the Detective Special, but Smith owned most of the market. Their Model 36 Chief’s Special was ubiquitous. Goetz’s gun might have differed slightly in its details, but this will be close.

Smith and Wesson churned out these tidy little defensive handguns by the millions after World War 2.

Designed in the immediate aftermath of World War 2, the Model 36 was introduced in 1950 at the International Association of Chiefs of Police convention. The name “Chief’s Special” was the result of a poll taken at that gathering. The gun was produced with either a 2 or 3-inch barrel and fed from a five-shot cylinder. Serial number 337 was engraved with J Edgar Hoover’s name and shipped directly to him. The Model 37 Airweight was the same gun with an aluminum frame and cylinder. However, the lightweight cylinder proved troublesome. The Model 36 was also marketed as the LadySmith in 1989 with “grips designed especially for women,” whatever that really means. In 1976 a blued Model 36 cost $110. That would be about $516 today.

The Rest of the Story

Six of Goetz’ twelve jurors had themselves been victims of violent crime in NYC.

On December 30, 1984, Bernie Goetz walked into the police station in Concord, New Hampshire, and turned himself in. His case was heard before a grand jury twice, and he was ultimately tried on charges ranging from attempted murder to possession of a weapon in the 3rd degree. Of his twelve jurors, half of them had themselves been victims of street crime in New York. Goetz was ultimately convicted solely on the weapons possession charge and spent eight months in prison.

“Jail is much easier on people who have nothing.”

-Bernard Goetz

Darrel Cabey would never walk again after having been shot during his attempted robbery of Bernie Goetz.

Darrel Cabey was rendered paraplegic, but the other three teens recovered. During the trial, they claimed they were simply panhandling but did eventually admit their intent had been to rob Goetz. Paramedics recovered three screwdrivers from the men. Cabey was later awarded a $47 million judgment in a civil suit. As of 2004, Goetz had declared bankruptcy and not paid a penny of it.

James Ramseur was convicted in 1986 of robbing, raping, and sodomizing a young pregnant woman. In and out of prison until 2010, Ramseur died in 2011 at age 45 of a drug overdose–27 years to the day after the subway shooting.

“I would, without any hesitation, shoot a violent criminal again.”

-Bernard Goetz

Today Bernie Goetz is a vegetarian marijuana enthusiast living in the same apartment he occupied back in the 1980’s.
In recent years Bernie Goetz has been castigated by his landlord for farming squirrels in his NYC apartment.

Goetz was arrested in 2013 for selling marijuana, but the charges were dismissed. Bernie Goetz is now 74 years old and resides today in the same NYC apartment where he lived back in 1980. He has run for public office twice, advocates for the legalization of marijuana, and, no kidding, apparently enjoys raising squirrels.

Bernie Goetz was either a role model or a villain depending upon one’s worldview.
It’s all a question of perspective. While many Americans obviously disagreed, apparently this pirate thought Bernie Goetz was a great guy.

Whether Bernie Goetz was a hero or a criminal turns on your perspective. However, that brief frenetic gunfight did help catalyze the modern concealed carry movement in America. Biased media coverage notwithstanding, crime rates have generally fallen steadily since that time. The Subway Vigilante shooting was a seminal moment in American history.

Bernie Goetz inspired Joaquin Phoenix’ depiction of Arthur Fleck in the dystopian film The Joker.

“With my time in the limelight, I regret that I didn’t use it more to push vegetarianism. I support vegetarian options in the school lunch program.”

-Bernard Goetz

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Winchester 1873: One of One Hundred By Joe Engesser

Perhaps the most sought-after variation of the Winchester 1873 rifle, the Winchester One of One Hundred is one of the rarest of the rare in gun collecting. The One of One Hundred example featured in Rock Island Auction Company’s May Premier is not only the last of its model produced, but the storied rifle has an impressive tale to complement its remarkable pedigree.

Winchester-1-of-100-one-of-the-rarest-Winchester-rifles-aroundThis rifle is illustrated and described on pages 113-118 of “The Story of the Winchester 1 of 1000 and 1 of 100 Rifles” by Edmund E. Lewis. Winchester referred to these special order rifles both numerically (1 of 100) and using their full wording (One of One Hundred) in their writing and advertisements, as well as on the rifle barrels.

Winchester Model 1873 serial number 27179 has been a centerpiece in some of the most esteemed firearms collections throughout the decades, including the Frank R. Sweet Collection, the Carl Press Collection, and The Robert M. Lee Collection. This phenomenally scarce 1 of 100 Winchester was certainly well cared for, though it also bears the marks of a rifle that was carried by its original owner through the unforgiving depths of the Amazon wilderness.

Beyond the equator and back again, this Winchester 1 of 100 faced the perils of the Amazon rainforests and lived to tell the tale. To receive new gun blogs and videos every week, subscribe to the Rock Island Auction newsletter

The Winchester 1873 Rifle

Calling the Winchester 1873 “the gun that won the West” may be overstated, but there’s no doubt that the sturdy lever action rifle became one of the bestselling guns of the era and continues to enjoy tremendous popularity with gun collectors today. Oliver Winchester’s steel-framed Model 1873 was a distinct improvement over the 1866 rifle and the 1860 Henry, and settlers pushing westward quickly took notice.

Lot-1015-Factory-Gold-Engraved-Winchester-Model-1866-Lever-Action-RifleA true “Golden Boy.” This factory gold engraved Winchester Model 1866 lever action rifle is a spectacular example of the Winchester 1873’s forerunner.

While the Colt Single Action Army revolver ruled the frontier streets, the Winchester 1873 rifle was king of the open range. The Model 1873’s tough frame, stronger chambering, and wide-scale availability helped elevate the rifle above its predecessors and solidified its reputation as one of the most American guns of all time.

A-factory-silver-plated-Winchester-First-Model-1873-lever-action-in-the-popular-cowboy-caliber-of-.44-WCFA factory silver plated Winchester First Model 1873 lever action in the popular cowboy caliber of .44 WCF.

From movie sets to modern-day Cowboy Action Shooting competitions, the rugged Winchester 1873 has stood the test of time like few firearms before or since. In 1875, Winchester began to offer higher grade versions of the Model 1873 for sale. Enter the Winchester 1 of 100, one of the most elusive variations of the special order Winchester lever action rifle ever produced.

What is a Winchester 1 of 100?

Although less famous than Winchester One of One Thousand rifles, the Winchester 1873 One of One Hundred has become a true holy grail gun for collectors. Of the eight Model 1873 One of One Hundred rifles produced and shipped from the Winchester factory between April 1876 and April 1878, only six are known today.

Edmund-E.-Lewis-noted-that-this-was-the-last-1-of-100-rifle-manufacturedAn extremely rare example of an original Winchester “One of One Hundred” First Model 1873 rifle with a Cody Firearms Museum letter.

The Model 1873 One of One Hundred rifles were announced in 1875 when Winchester discovered that a small percentage of their rifles shot with greater accuracy during factory testing. The company decided to distinguish these exceptional rifles and market them as special order premium models for its wealthier clientele. While the Winchester 1 of 1000 was sold as the model with the highest barrel accuracy, the 1 of 100 was offered as a middle ground between the standard Winchester 1873 and the pricey 1 of 1000.

Rock Island Auction Company’s President Kevin Hogan examines the Winchester 1 of 100 offered in May’s Premier Auction.

What is the difference between a 1 of 100 and 1 of 1000 rifle?

A standard Winchester 1873 might cost around $50, but a One of One Thousand could range between $80 to $100 depending on the additional custom features. The Winchester 1873 One of One Hundred fell somewhere between the two, costing a committed frontiersman $60 to $75. For comparison, an acre of farmland in Kansas cost $13 or less in 1876.

one-of-one-thousand-winchester-model-1873-lever-action-rifle-a-true-rarityThere were only 132 One of One Thousand rifles produced in the Winchester 1873 Model, and a scant eight of the Model 1873 One of One Hundreds– only six of which are known today.

Winchester catalogs advertised these new extra-accurate rifles as follows:

“The barrel of every sporting rifle we make will be proved and shot at a target, and the target will be numbered to correspond with the barrel and be attached to it. All of these barrels that are found to make targets of extra merit will be made up into guns with set-triggers and extra finish and marked as a designating name, “One of One Thousand,” and sold at $100.00. The next grade of barrels, not so fine, will be marked “One of One Hundred” and set up to order in any style at $20.00 advance over the list price of the corresponding style of gun.”

1-of-100-and-1-of-1000-Winchester-1873-riflesThere were only 132 One of One Thousand rifles produced in the Winchester 1873 Model, and a scant 8 of the One of One Hundreds in total – only 6 of which are known today.

Montana pioneer Granville Stuart was certainly a fan of his Winchester 1 of 1000 rifle. In a letter he wrote to Winchester, he marveled, “If the Sioux should come a little further up this way, it will be a mighty handy thing to have in the house. If poor Custer’s heroic band had been armed with these rifles, they would have covered the earth with dead Indians for 500 yards around.”

A-Winchester-1873-1-of-1000-is-a-rifle-with-a-story-all-its-ownA Winchester 1873 is a rifle with a story all its own.

In 1950, Universal Pictures released “Winchester ’73”, a Western adventure starring James Stewart. A Winchester 1 of 1000 played a key role in the film, and Universal released advertisements before production started seeking these rare rifles as both a promotional campaign and a way to examine authentic 1 of 1000s to create an accurate reproduction for the upcoming movie. The success of “Winchester ‘73” helped stir renewed interest in both the 1 of 1000 and the even more elusive 1 of 100 rifles, and today both models are viewed as crown jewels in arms collecting.

The Special Order Winchester

Special order Winchester 1873 rifles were popular options with those who could afford the extra upgrades. For instance, a buyer could add special stocks, silver or gold finish, custom engravings and monograms, and select from a number of custom barrel butts, grips, triggers, magazine sizes, and barrel length and shape. Though not the most embellished rifles of their era, the Winchester 1 of 100 and 1 of 1000 would have been among the most desirable special order long arms for an experienced frontiersman, hunter, or a dedicated sportsman with the cash to spare. Engineer Robert Hepburn certainly found the investment worthwhile when he purchased the last Model 1873 One of One Hundred ever produced.

two-exceptionally-rare-Winchester-riflesThe Winchester 1 of 100 and 1 of 1000 are venerated by historians and collectors today.

The Cody Museum letter that accompanies Robert Hepburn’s Winchester 1 of 100 states that the rifle was received in the Winchester warehouse on August 16, 1877, and shipped on April 16, 1878. In the letter, the rifle is described as “Type: Rifle, Barrel Type: Octagon, Barrel Length: 26 inches, Trigger: Set, Checkered stock, Casehardened.”

Robert-Hopewell-Hepburn-monogram-and-year-of-purchase-1-of-100-WinchesterMr. Robert Hopewell Hepburn’s monogram and year of purchase are forever engraved on the bottom of the rifle’s elevator.

The rifle has the Winchester 1873 First Model receiver with a dust cover retained by grooved guides. “One of One Hundred” is engraved on a panel at the top of the barrel in script letters and surrounded by scroll and foliate engraving on a punch-dot background that extends to the barrel side flats, a style unique to the five 1 of 100 Winchester rifles produced with octagon barrels.

The Collins Expedition

Mr. Robert Hopewell “Hope” Hepburn was a graduate of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1871. Less than seven years later, his skills would be put to the test in the “Collins Expedition,” an early attempt to connect Bolivia to the Atlantic Ocean Railroad in Brazil. Hepburn’s Winchester 1873 One of One Hundred accompanied him as he sailed over 3,800 miles by tugboat and braved the treacherous Amazon River.

Locomotive-No.-12-of-the-Madeira-Mamor--RailroadLocomotive No. 12 of the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad.

Hepburn’s travels took him down the eastern coast of the United States, through the Caribbean Sea, along the South American coast to the Brazilian state of Para. He was in charge of surveying for the expedition and managing the two tugboats the Collins brothers’ crew would have relied upon as they attempted to lay the groundwork for a railroad along the falls and rapids of the Mamoré and Madeira Rivers.

Robert-Hepburn-Winchester--1873-1-of-100Edmund E. Lewis, author of ‘The Story of the Winchester 1 of 1000 and 1 of 100 Rifles’ noted that this was the last 1 of 100 rifle manufactured.

Philip, Thomas, and Peter Collins, who’d constructed much of the railroad network in Pennsylvania, saw the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad expedition as a lucrative opportunity to access Bolivian rubber markets. Robert Hepburn noted in his 67-page manuscript that some of the men carried rifles and put their weapons to work as they navigated the dangers of the rainforest.

Crossing the Amazon

Robert Hepburn’s written account of the adventure is titled: Transportation on the Amazon and Madeira Rivers with The Disastrous American Expedition of 1878. In the manuscript, he recounts numerous times when firearms were employed for hunting and discouraging both alligators and aggressive tribesmen. On protecting the local workers, Hepburn notes, “They would not return to their camp the next morning unless escorted by an armed guard, so we accompanied them with our Winchesters and skirmished in, among, around, and beyond their shacks… The Indians rarely attempted an attack on a number of armed men.”

Collins-expedition-1878-Amazon-Railroad“Well, they couldn’t find anybody else in the United States hardy enough to go out in charge of these boats, so they hunted up you.” – Robert Hepburn’s neighbor, remarking on his role in the Collins Expedition.

In addition to skirmishes with indigenous tribes, diseases like scurvy, dysentery, yellow fever, and other medical ailments took their toll on the Collins Expedition. Reports indicate that one out of every four men brought to work on the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad perished, and Hepburn’s account states that only 26 of the original 54 engineers survived.

A-classic-Winchester-First-Model-1873-lever-action-in-the-popular-cowboy-caliber-of-.44-WCFThe Winchester 1873 rifle was designed to face the rugged challenges of the wilderness.

The Devil’s Railroad

In Neville B. Craig’s Recollections of an Ill-Fated Expedition to the Headwaters of the Madeira River in Brazil, one worker states, “the men were not accustomed to the jungle, and found it near impossible to make any progress cutting their way through. Supplies and food were lacking, and the men were sieged by insects day and night. Of the 941 Americans who went to Brazil, it is known positively that 221 died, a mortality rate of 23.6%. Many died of tropical fever, and, possibly, starvation.”

The-Winchester-1873-lever-action-rifle-was-a-dependable-piece-of-late-19th-century-technologyThe Winchester 1873 lever action rifle was a dependable piece of late 19th-century technology for those who could afford it.

Though the Collins Expedition ended in disaster, a subsequent effort to build the railroad began in 1907, a five year bid to tame the deadly terrain and navigate the dangers that had consumed previous endeavors. In his book, Brazil, novelist Errol Lincoln Uys speculated that up to 10,000 lives were lost constructing the railroad, and some estimates place that figure even higher, leading to it being nicknamed ‘the Devil’s Railroad.’

Teddy-Roosevelt-GunThe Amazon had long been an obstacle for adventurers like Theodore Roosevelt, whose exploration of the river basin in 1913 also ended in disaster.

One of the Rarest Winchesters

The Winchester 1873 came to embody the quintessential American rifle, and the One of One Hundred featured in Rock Island Auction Company’s May 13 – 15 Firearms Auction has a remarkable story that more than lives up to its lofty status as a legendary firearm. Owning a gun produced during the frontier era is one thing. Owning a gun that participated in the era, that traveled, fought, and helped deliver its owner home again amid overwhelming odds is something else entirely.

As the world’s number one firearms auction house, Rock Island Auction Company offers some of the finest Winchester rifles publicly available today. As a legacy lever action rifle, one of only six known 1 of 100 Winchesters, and the final rifle of its type produced, Robert Hepburn’s 1873 One of One Hundred ranks as one of the rarest Winchester rifles known.

One-of-One-Thousand-in-Outstanding-ConditionA treasure passed from father to son. Captain Winan’s son George was gifted this Winchester One of One Thousand and “only used it for target practice.” It survives in outstanding condition.

Winchester’s effort to distinguish these extra-accurate rifles as an elite model was a short-lived promotion, as the gun maker worried that the public might perceive the standard lever action models as significantly inferior to their 1 of 100s and 1 of 1000s brethren. For historians, Old West aficionados, and fine arms collectors interested in the most exclusive level of gun collecting, these ultra-rare Winchesters represent the highest level of the pursuit.

The-Winchester-1-of-100-and-1-of-1000-are-venerated-by-historians-and-collectors-todayTwo Winchesters with two dramatic stories.

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I assume no liability on what these guys say! So be careful Grumpy

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The American Eagle Luger and Its Tests by the U.S. Army The author’s interest in the American Eagle Luger led him to collect the pistol, investigate the U.S. Army’s testing of it and to explore its rich history, all of which he shares with us here.

The American Eagle Luger and Its Tests by the U.S. Army

At top a .30 caliber 1900 American Eagle Luger and at bottom a 1906 9mm Luger; note the shorter and fatter barrel of the 9mm. (Leroy Thompson photo)

When I first became interested in handguns, my tastes followed my experiences of World War II Combat or the American West as portrayed on 1950s TV and in films. I was particularly enamored of the Colt Single Action, the Remington derringer, and the German Luger. At the time I was too young to own real versions of these iconic firearms, but I did have a toy SAA and derringer.

American Eagle Luger Right-Side View

Right-side view of a 1900 American Eagle along with a magazine’s worth of .30 Luger cartridges. (Leroy Thompson photo)

Eventually, I would own examples of all three of these handguns. My first SAA was a much-used re-nickeled example in .38-40 and my first Luger pistol was a mismatched example assembled from parts. With a little age and increased cash, I did eventually upgrade.

American Eagle Luger Left-Side View

Left-side view of a 1900 American Eagle along with a magazine’s worth of .30 Luger cartridges. (Leroy Thompson photo)

Through college, I managed to trade around until I had a nice WWII 42 Code Luger rig with the holster and spare magazine. For quite a few years that was the extent of my “Luger collection.” However, the library in the town where I went to college had a copy of Fred Datig’s The Luger Pistol, at the time the only reference on P08 and other Luger pistols I’d seen. I checked it out at least a dozen times and read and re-read it.

American Eagle Luger Distinctive American Eagle

Distinctive American Eagle on the chamber of an American Eagle Luger. (Leroy Thompson photo)

I also attended gun shows when I was home in St. Louis working in a factory during the summer. At one of those shows I saw my first American Eagle Luger. The entwined “DWM” initials on the toggle and the American Eagle above the chamber immediately drew my eyes. This was the most attractive Luger pistol I’d seen. I wanted one, but it would have taken at least a week’s earnings including ten hours overtime to buy it. I didn’t, but I decided one day I would own an American Eagle Luger.

1906 American Eagle Luger Right-Side View

Right-side view of a fine example of a 1906 American Eagle Luger; note the strawing of the small parts, fine checkering of the grips, and wooden base for the magazine; all of which combine to make it a very strikingly handsome pistol. (Photo courtesy of Rock Island Auction Service)

The day didn’t come for many years. I had started collecting and shooting other handguns and, though I still stopped to look at American Eagle Lugers whenever I saw one and still harbored a desire for one, something else generally got purchased. Then about ten years ago I received an email catalog from one of the gun auction companies. It was packed with what must have been a collection of American Eagle Lugers—at least a dozen or more. I put low bids on nine or ten of them.

American Eagle Luger Cartridge Comparison

At left the 7.65x21mm Luger cartridge; for comparison in the middle is the 7.63x25mm cartridge of the M1896 Mauser, and at right the 7.62x25mm cartridge of the TT-33 Tokarev pistol. (Leroy Thompson photo)

Imagine my surprise when I won three—An American Eagle commercial 7.65 Luger, an American Eagle 7.65 that was one of the 1,000 US Military Test Lugers, and a 1906 American Eagle 9mm Luger. What was amazing, the total I paid for the three was about what the Test Luger should have brought by itself. I was ecstatic. In fact, I put them on my credit card and paid the extra 3%, as I didn’t want to give them time to decide a mistake had been made in the selling prices!

American Eagle Luger Early DWM Cartridges

Early DWM cartridges for the American Eagle Luger. (Leroy Thompson photo)

U.S. Army tests of the Parabellum (Luger) pistol actually pre-dated the German Army’s adoption of the P08 pistol. Late in 1901, 1,000 M1900 test Luger pistols were delivered to Springfield Armory for U.S. troop evaluation. Actually, at least one Bordchardt pistol, the predecessor of the Luger pistol, had been submitted for U.S. evaluation as early as 1897, but it didn’t generate much interest other than as a curiosity.

American Eagle Luger Diagrams Early DWM Manual

Diagrams from an early DWM manual for the Parabellum Automatic Pistol. (Leroy Thompson photo)

The M1900, on the other hand, was tested fairly extensively, especially with U.S. cavalry units. Along with the 1,000 pistols, 200,000 rounds of the 7.65x21mm Parabellum cartridge, for which the pistols were chambered, were ordered from DWM (Deutsche Waffen-und Maunitionsfabriken) through the company’s U.S. representative Hans Tauscher.

American Eagle Luger Checkered Grips

The 1900 American Eagle’s “woodwork”: the finely checkered grips, and magazine base. (Leroy Thompson photo)

Price for the pistols and ammunition was $15,000 (or maybe that was the price for just the pistols; sources aren’t definitive), with each additional spare magazine costing another $.88. The current equivalent of that $15,000 price tag would by $513,400 or about $513.40 per pistol and 200 rounds of ammo.

American Eagle Luger Toggle Action

Left: View of the 1900 American Eagle’s toggle action partially open. (Leroy Thompson photo)

According to Luger expert Jan Still, at least some of the pistols were sent to U.S. cavalry units deployed in the Philippines and Cuba. Small numbers of the pistol were distributed to various Army posts, but most were issued to the cavalry—five pistols each to the 185 cavalry troops for a total of 925 pistols. As some of those troops were probably deployed that would explain any that made it overseas. It is interesting to note the comments from officers assigned to these cavalry troops.

American Eagle Luger Dished Toggle Knob, Thumb Safety and Grip Safety

Close-up of the 1900 American Eagle Luger’s dished toggle knob, thumb safety, and grip safety. (Leroy Thompson photo)

Evaluations were fairly evenly split between positive and negative. Favorable comments included: larger cartridge capacity (eight rounds), faster reloads, better accuracy, ability to disassemble the pistol for cleaning, better balance for natural pointing, and better range and penetration.

American Eagle Luger Holsters

Left: The very rare holster made by Rock Island Arsenal for the 1900 test Lugers. Right: Commercially-made Abercrombie and Fitch holster for the Luger; though not marked it appears to be made for the 4¾-inch-barrelled .30 Luger. (Photos courtesy of Rock Island Auction Service)

Unfavorable comments included: caliber too small, required two hands to cock pistol, too complicated for average enlisted trooper, sensitive to dirt or dust, weak firing pin spring, ease of losing magazine, difficult to load magazine while mounted, “no way of carrying extra magazines” (presumably no magazine p

1902 American Eagle Luger Cartridge Counter

Left: 1906 9mm American Eagle Luger. Right: The very rare “Cartridge Counter” 1902 American Eagle Luger. (Photos courtesy of Rock Island Auction Service)

Rock Island Arsenal had produced special holsters for the Test Lugers. As few of these have survived, they often sell for thousands of dollars so a collector who owns an M1900 Test Luger can mate it with the proper holster.

.45 ACP Colt 1911 Pistol

After all of the tests of the American Eagle Lugers, the USA adopted the .45 ACP Colt 1911 pistol — in this case shown with a cavalry holster (Leroy Thompson photo)

There was a later M1902 American Eagle Luger chambered in 9x19mm and with a four-inch fatter barrel. Compared to the elegant 4¾-inch barrel of the M1900 the barrels of the M1902 pistols appear stubby. The M1902 American Eagle is scarce as only between 600 and 700 were produced.

American Eagle Luger US Troops Firing Colt 1911

US troops firing the Colt 1911 pistol on the range. (NARA photo)

There were 50 of the M1902 pistols ordered by the Board of Ordnance on 6 May 1903. These pistols incorporated the “Powell Indicating Device,” which was designed to show the number of rounds remaining in the magazine. A strip with numbers was slotted into the left grip, to which a pin on the follower. Pistols with this device are usually termed “Cartridge Counter Lugers.” These pistols are rare and highly sought after by collectors. In May 2022, Rock Island Auction Service sold one for $82,250.

American Eagle Luger DWM Markings

Close-up of the DWM markings on the American Eagle Lugers. (Leroy Thompson photo)

DWM’s Parabellum pistol had proven highly successful and had been adopted by numerous countries during the first decade of the 20th Century. The US Army had not proven a fertile market. Nevertheless, DWM did supply a .45 ACP Luger for the U.S. trials that resulted in the adoption of the Colt 1911.

American Eagle Luger US Horse Cavalry

Primary users of the American Eagle Luger would have been members of the US Horse Cavalry; this cavalryman is armed with the Colt 1911 and the Springfield 1903 rifle. (NARA photo)

At least two .45 ACP Lugers were produced, with some sources stating as high as six. However, by April 1908, DWM became disillusioned with the trials and withdrew. Some years ago, a .45 ACP U.S. Trials Luger was valued at $1,000,000; however, I am not aware of it having been sold for that price.

American Eagle Luger with Ideal Stock Mounted

Left: Left-side view of an American Eagle Luger with Ideal Stock mounted. Right: Right-side view of an American Eagle Luger with Ideal Stock mounted. (Photos courtesy of Rock Island Auction Service)

The American Eagle continued to be placed above the chambers of other early Lugers, including the M1906 model in 7.65mm caliber and the M1906 model in 9mm caliber. Early American Eagle Lugers produced by DWM should not be confused with the later Mauser/Interarms American Eagle Lugers manufactured in the 1970s.

American Eagle Luger Grip Panels for Ideal Stock

American Eagle Luger with the grip panels designed for use with the Ideal Stock. (Photo courtesy of Rock Island Auction Service)

An interesting accessory, which I’ve seen on quite a few commercial American Eagle Lugers is the Ideal Holster Stock, which was designed to allow carrying the pistol in a rather cumbersome holster which could be converted to a stock affixed to the pistol using special grip panels. It’s clever and intriguing but not very practical. Nevertheless, I am always tempted if I see an American Eagle with an Ideal stock in nice condition.

American Eagle Luger 1900 Field Strip

1900 American Eagle field stripped. (Leroy Thompson photo)

I said: “tempted”; I haven’t chosen to purchase one! Still other interesting American Eagle holsters come from famous makers such as Abercrombie and Fitch or H.H. Heiser. It should be noted, though, that H.H. Heiser reportedly made some of the Luger Holsters marketed by Abercrombie & Fitch.

American Eagle Luger 1900 Dished Grips and Strawing

Close-up of the dished grips and strawing on the 1900 American Eagle Luger. (Leroy Thompson photo)

As reference for this article and to shoot, I got out one of those 1900 American Eagle Lugers I got at bargain prices those years ago. As I handled it, I was reminded of what a stylish pistol it is. The long slender barrel, the dished-out toggle knobs, the slanted grip, the strawed small parts, and, of course, the American Eagle on the chamber give this Luger a flair matched by few other pistols.

American Eagle Luger 1900 Group at 50 Feet

Firing the 1900 American Eagle for group at 50 feet. (T.J. Mullin photo)

An interesting aspect of the 1900 American Eagle Luger—presumably because of the attempt to “Americanize” it for possible military sales—is that it lacks the German proof marks so common on most pistols from that country and also lacks the “GERMANY” marking found on some German imports.

American Eagle Luger Pointabilty

The Luger Pistol is renowned for its natural pointability and Thompson found this true firing among multiple plates between 25 and 35 yards. (T.J. Mullin photo)

With the pistol out of the safe and a box of Fiocchi .30 Luger on my ammo shelf I had no choice but to give the “Eagle” an outing. I did disassemble the pistol and oil the toggle and rails, as it had been in the safe ever since I bought it. This slight maintenance seemed to suffice as it functioned perfectly from the first magazine to the last I fired. Vintage Lugers often have a reputation for being unreliable, and some I’ve owned were, but this was not.

American Eagle Luger Mild Recoil with .30 Luger Cartridge

Recoil of the .30 Luger cartridge was mild and allowed fast recovery when shooting multiple rounds quickly. (T.J. Mullin photo)

I did all of my shooting one-handed in the spirit of early 20th Century technique in use when the pistol made its debut. The sights are acceptable to 25 yards or a bit more. I did shoot at plates at 50 yards and got some hits, maybe half the magazine. Many early users of the Luger lauded its grip, which allowed instinctive pointing.

American Eagle Luger Targets

Left: 50-foot target fired with Fiocchi 93-grain FMJ ammunition. Right: 25-yard group fired from a rest at 25-yards. (Leroy Thompson photos)

I have always found, and did on this session, this to be true. I shot my target with one hand at 50-feet, placing all shot center of mass on a silhouette target. My friend Tim, who was shooting with me, fired a five-round group two-handed at 25 yards from a rest and shot a very nice group. Interestingly, I had no problem with the grip safety, but Tim did find that his hold did not always fully depress the grip safety, thus rendering the pistol impossible of firing.

US adopted M17 SIG Pistols Waiting to be Issued to Troops

More than a century after the German American Eagle Luger was evaluated, the US adopted the M17 SIG pistol; shown are M17s waiting to be issued to troops. (Leroy Thompson photos)

This would have been a training issue had the pistol been adopted for U.S. military use. The placement of the grip safety on the pistol adopted, the 1911, is lower on the frame, which mitigates this issue for most shooters.

American Eagle Luger Cavalrymen

Left: A consideration when evaluating the 1900 American Eagle Luger for cavalry adoption was whether it could be readily handled safely while on horseback. Right: Cavalrymen armed with the Colt 1911, which was adopted rather than the 1900 Luger. (NARA photos)

Shooting the American Eagle Luger was a pure joy. I can understand some of those criticisms by U.S. Horse Cavalrymen 120 years ago. They were evaluating a pistol upon which they might have to stake their lives. I was just shooting a beautiful example of German craftsmanship of the fin de cicle.

American Eagle Luger Shooting Tests Chart

My American Luger has been cleaned and is back in the safe. I don’t intend to carry it, though I would like to find one of those Abercrombie and Fitch holsters, but I do plan to take it out every now and again and admire it!

1900 American Eagle Specifications

  • Action: Toggle-Locked, Short Action Semi-Auto
  • Caliber: 7.65x21mm Parabellum
  • Overall Length: 9.3 in.
  • Barrel Length: 4.75 in.
  • Weight: 31.5 oz. empty
  • Cartridge Capacity: 8 rounds
  • Sights: Fixed Rear Notch, Front Post
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