Your question is extremely complex with many variables. As an example, an M1 Garand requires midrange powered ammo with medium burning rifle power (like H-4895) to have enough gas port pressure to run the gas system to actuate the operating rod and bolt. Slow burning powder with a heavy bullet (like a 200 grain bullet will ruin the operating system. A light bullet might also cause damage to the operating system because it may send too much pressure to the gas port. That is just one rifle.
Wear and tear on a rifle is caused frequently by a cartridge case/chambering that is, “over bore.” Example of over bore cartridges include the 220 Swift, 7mm STW and most Weatherby cartridges. They wear out the leade/throat of the rifle and velocity and accuracy is lost by the leade being eroded by hot gas. Many of these weapons have a barrel life of less than 1,000 shots.
A bolt action rifle chambered in 300 Winchester can shoot bullets from 100 grains to 220 grains. Full power 100 grain bullets would have problems with throat erosion due to a large amount of hot gasses hitting the chamber throat. Heavy bullets like 220 grain would have a long pressure curve which would also cause throat erosion because of the longer period of time the throat is exposed to the hot powder gasses.
Actually a book could be written on this subject and some might disagree with what I have written but it is a small amount of general information.